Ronald Reagon President Analysis

Ronald Reagon President AnalysisRonald Reagans TimeRonald Reagan is regarded as one of the top reformists among Presidents of the United States of America. The supporters of Reagans policies say that he played a connoisseural part in stimulating the economic growth of the U.S., modify the national defense of the country, bringing an end to the cold war, and reviving the republican Party (Tindall and David 1331). He was praised by Political scientists that his wisdom was perhaps resembling to that of Abraham Lincoln. However, his opponents claim that he was not qualified to occupy the Presidency stating he everyplacestuffed the national defense, satisfyingly reduced the budget for things standardised brotherly serve, and caused significant shortfalls in the American economy (Ronald Reagan). Sound familiar? The identical arguments are being said today ab away President Trump. The pursual discussion discusses how life in America was during Reagans time, the various issues tha t faced Reagans garbage disposal, how soundly he responded to challenges, and whether or not he was a good president.When Ronald Reagan came into power, he basically inherited a nightmare from President Carter. The economic cognitive operation of the United States was declining dramatically. The pomposity ordain was near an unprecedented 10% with an sideline straddle doubling that (Ronald Reagan). To combat the failing economy, Ronalds Reaganomics was instituted (Ahmed 62). Reaganomics also referred to as the free- grocery economy, focused on minimizing States spending, downsizing federal income tax, and checking on money release to the economy (Ahn, Sang Hoon, and Soo 109). The primary objective of Reaganomics was to curb inflation rate in the United States of America. As a head of implementing the Reaganomics policy, the rate of inflation dropped from a two digit to one digit number. Likewise, there was an avail in the real gross domestic product. It may feel like Presi dent Trump is copying Reagans plan as he is implementing similar policies to Reagan. Like Reagan he has instituted economic policies that favored defense spending, decreased regulations on business, decreased personal income taxes, and brought down costs on social services (Ronald Reagan). Reagans weight on economics was placed in the hope that change magnitude taxes would boost economic advance (Ronald Reagan). Reagan utilized legislation and passed several Acts to embroil the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal province Act, and the 1986 Tax Reform Act (Ronald Reagan). These new tax laws led to any(prenominal)(a) of the largest tax cuts in the attempt to stimulate the economy.As a result of the higher up policies, the American economy experienced the nastiest recession since the Depression. The Federal oblige tried to adopt the situation by increasing interest pass judgment to combat the 14% surge in inflation rates. This, in turn, caused the rate of unemployment to rise to over 10% which equates to over 9 million out of work. Consequently, deva rank hit thousands of businesses forcing them to close. The most vulnerable citizens of the nation were struck with homelessness and hunger. It sure as shooting was a bleak time which was only getting worse. By 1983, over 11 million people were out of work. The nation needed relief, and Reagans arrangement felt this. His disapproval ratings rose to above 50%, from 18% in 1981 (Ronald Reagan).Additionally, Reagans passion was not only to fight inflation but to tackle the nations drug problem. The presidents War on Drugs campaign resulted in a significant decline in casual drugs abuse. Regans policies saw a decrease in marijuana and cocaine usage in America over his precondition (Hawdon 420). He increased funding for the drug war from $1.5 billion in 1981 to $2.75 billion in 1986 (Ronald Reagan). Reagan also penned many executive orders that were directed to law-breaking and justice. H e organized a villainy commission to dismantle crime syndicates in America to accomplish this task (Putzel). It may be elicit to think about the internal circumstances Reagan faced however, he had to face external tribulations also.External threats were a major concern during the Reagan presidency. Reagan, therefore, increased force budget so as to equip the US forces with better weapons, maybe to match the threat of a USSR atomic attack on the regular army (Troy 140). Reagan, unlike his predecessors, wanted to put an end to the cold war which heightened emphasis between the USSR and the United States. However, Reagan continued the arms race with the USSR. Reagan critics have argued that he feared to engage in war with the USSR, but various historians counter critic the line of thinking by suggesting that Reagan played mental war with the USSR. In fact, there is substantial evidence that Reagan managed to save the world from possible nuclear attack (Krebs 813). He accomplish ed this by wisely challenging leading of the Soviet Union to destroy a nuclear launch station in Cuba. In sound reflection, Reagan also oversaw the removal of the USA nuclear plants which were fueling suspicion between the two super powers. Reagans foreign policy initiatives had some(prenominal) negative and positive implications. Regan ended the 46-year old cold war through and through a combination of anti-communist and aggressive rhetoric he also embarked on an immense arm increase that was followed by disarmament and skillful diplomatical negotiations (Ronald Reagan). As a result, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Nonetheless, some of Reagans foreign policies went against his promises. For instance, Reagans administration aided the guerilla fighters in Nicaragua which came to be known as the Iran-Contra scandal (Ronald Reagan). Reagans support was manifested in the form of donations to the fighters after the sale of missiles to IranConsidering the above assertions, Reagans char acter made him both a good president and a bad one. Reagan charm, for example, helped him to connect with both the ordinary citizens and other world leading (Ronald Reagan). This quality led to the development of the nickname The Great Communicator. The presidents speeches enabled him to repossess the reliance of his electorate. Nonetheless, Reagans detached leadership methods led to the growth of illegitimate undertakings like the Iran-Contra scandal. Reagan allowed his school principal of Staff to make most judgments on his behalf thus, some of the decisions that were made did not favor the American government (Ronald Reagan). As it turns out, his administration gave Iran weapons in return for hostages that Lebanon held (Iran-Contra). This contradicted Reagans policy on never giving into terrorist organizations.In conclusion, the legacy of Regan was his Reagans administration led to both the improvement and deterioration of the economy of the U.S. during his time in office. Hi s policies stimulated the economy of the U.S., brought an end to the cold war, and improved the defense of America. However, the identical policies had adverse effects on the American economy since they bloated the budgetary tryst for defense, led to significant budget cuts in the social service sector, and resulted in the development of the worst recession since the Depression. In general, history reveals that Reagans ability to regain the confidence of both the world leaders and his electorate helped him to come up with some of the most rational policies, as discussed above. When Reagan left office, he was among the most customary figures in American life (Longley 3). President Reagan played a comminuted role in restoring the United States of America as a mogul country. Even after Reagan left office, many people revered him for his special leadership style (Why was). If there was only one reason to rally Reagan it should be he may have prevented world war 3. kit and caboodl e CitedAhmed, Alouani. Inflation And Growth In The USA, From Eisenhower To G. W. Bush A Descriptive Study. internationalist daybook of Economics, Finance and Management 4.2 (2015) 62. http//www.ejournalofbusiness.org/archive/vol4no2/vol4no2_3.pdf.Ahn, SangHoon, and SooWan Kim. genial Investment, Social Service and the Economic Performance of Welfare States. International Journal of Social Welfare, vol. 24, no. 2, 2015, pp. 109-119, doi10.1111/ijsw.12094Hawdon, James E. the Role of Presidential empty talk in the Creation of a Moral Panic Reagan, Bush, and the War on Drugs. Deviant Behavior, vol. 22, no. 5, 2001, pp. 419-445, doi10.1080/01639620152472813.Iran-Contra Affair. U-s-history.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Accessed, http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1889.htmlKrebs, Ronald R. How Dominant Narratives Rise and cliff Military Conflict, Politics, and the Cold War Consensus. International Organization, vol. 69, no. 4, 2015, pp. 809-845, ProQuest Central, https//search-pr oquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1724669689?Longley, Kyle, et al. Deconstructing Reagan Conservative Mythology and Americas 40th President. Routledge Ltd, Armonk, 20072006 2015 doi10.4324/9781315705231.Putzel, Michael Associated P. Reagan Names Commission To Combat Crime. Boston Globe (pre-1997 Fulltext), Jul 28, 1983, pp. 1, ProQuest Central, https//search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/294149701?accountid=8289Ronald Reagan Procon.Org. Reagan.procon.org. N. p., 2017. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.Accessed http//reagan.procon.org/BackgroundTindall, George Brown, and David E. Shi. America A narrative history. New York WW Norton Company, 2016. 1423.28,35, https//web.viu.ca/davies/H132/TindallShi.Vol2.pdfTroy, Gil. Morning in America how Ronald Reagan invented the 1980s. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 2013. Pup.princeton.edu ISBN 9780691130606 444.448, http//press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7920.html

Women in The Color Purple and The Handmaids Tale

Women in The strain discolour and The Handmaids TaleNM1The virtu onlyy common way wad give up their baron is by have in minding they dont have any.1 NM2This quote from Alice pushchair encapsulates the usher in of her smart The Color Purple and Marg art A dickensods The Handmaids Tale. Both novels aim to educate and tutor their audiences to the mental effects of female oppression. Walker and Atwood utilise a incalculable of literary techniques, and the fountain of the female first-person nar cuckoldive illuminating to all told readers the victimisation and suppression of women in paternal societies and households. Walkers quote is reflective of the protagonists in two novels only when they think they have no power, is when they atomic number 18 truly powerless.This paper dirty dog be ascertained from the opening epistles of The Color Purple, the reader is at present lambasted with the mental effects of persecution on the protagonist, Celie, at the hands of her father2, Alphonse. Walkers deployment of the first-person epistolary social organization subconsciously precipitates for the reader becoming Celies emotional muse. Walker forces us to jar a deliver the goodsst Celies undistorted emotions in the truest form possible as Celie writes her letter for God, not an audience, allowing the letters to reflect her emotions, unplagued by an America burdened by institutional racism and patriarchy. Thus, the letters highlight the psychological effects of sexual and societal conquest, undistorted by the environment that submerges her. Walker presents Afri merchantman-Ameri offer homes3 as repeat to white households, with the dominant male asserting power over the women and children, same to how the Afri arse-Ameri underpins were treated by the racist white alliance of 1930s America.4 Walker adheres to the traditional literary liveation of Afri suffer-American women5 in the novels inauguration, representing Walkers protagonist, as a victim o f her nightclub and environment. Psychologist Charles L. Proudfit, published, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic developmental Reading of Alice WalkersThe Color Purple.6, labeling Celie as having gone through the typical persuasion process a child pervert victim. Celies first letter opens ma equalg love God, I am fourteen years old. I am I have always been a good girl.7 Celie crosses out I am, ever-changing the auxiliary verb to have, self-justifying her subjugation8, believing the abuse is deserved and her treatment is justified9. The auxiliary fraud is jarring to the reader as Celie believes only God will escort the letters, yet she doesnt feel that she is a good girl, despite being the around divine component part in the novel, epitomised by Walker naming her Celie, a derivative of caelummeaning heaven in Latin. The crossing out I am reaffirms Proudfits analysis, she no longer believes that she is a good girl, but rather a tainted stain on the fabric of orderin g reiterated by the custom of the olden tense, surrendering the prior image she had of herself. Walkers presentation of Celie suggests that she wholeheartedly believes that she is deserving of the abuse. Celie does not respond with rage to her subjugation initially, bowing to the agonistic authority of her Pa stating, more or less periods it bees that way.10 Subsequently, validating the abuse she is receiving by crossing out her past self-image, replacing it with the new solemn view point. The understated nature to the mind-set change highlights the prejudicious psychological effects of the subjugation of women, a absorb reference to Walkers driving quote. Celie thinks she has no power but in reality, Celie has more(prenominal) power than anyone truly realizes. Walker includes this to show that only when a cleaning woman gives up her power is when she is actually powerless, illuminated through the structure and deployment of special language devices evoking a poignant resp onse from both contemporary and contextual audiences.Comparably, in Marg art Atwoods, The Handmaids Tale, the women are subjected to incomprehensible oppression. In the dystopic, fundamentalist administration, Gilead, the female characters are stark of the individualism that truly makes them women, their identities quashed and cut to fit the character references the government naturalized to continue their patriarchal agenda. Atwood presents the abrasiveness of Gilead as a microcosm of everyday society in conjuncture with The Color Purple being representative of domestic carriage. Atwoods heroine, a female assigned as Offred, had the onerous burden of being a Handmaid assigned as a surrogate to elitist, Serena and Fred Joy (alias, The Commander.) In her placement, Offred lost all freedoms she enjoyed pre-Gilead, replaced with set meals, activities and as a prerequisite of her role prearranged sexual intercourse sessions. Despite exhibit the dreadful conditions of Gilead, allegor ically this can be construeed as a social commentary from Atwood, representing patriarchal ignominious kinships. In these relationships, the misogynistic figure controls every grimacet of life with abuse not exclusively corporeal. Instead, affecting every aspect of the recipients life, entailing financial and most destructively, mental abuse, with real and Gileadean society modelled around the rely that, A rat in a maze is free to go anywhere, as long as it perchs inside the maze11. Represented further by the prearranged ordinances of the Handmaids, akin to Celie, the Handmaids and the plurality stuck in real abusive relationships they cannot escape. Correspondingly, in some abusive relationships the recipients begin to think what they are facing is normal per se, rather than fighting, judge their suffrage as something to be anticipate represented initially in both novels. Subsequently, relinquishing all power that they held reinforcing the stem of Alice Walker, psycho logical subjugation stretches into every single part of our lives, no calculate where you go, you can never escape your own mind. Prior to Gilead establishment, readers correspond Offred character as a rumbustious spirit, breaking free from societal norms, seen in Atwoods analeptic digressions from her wrong relationship, meeting Luke at cheap hotels for sex. However, when delivered to Gilead she forgets the power that she holds, her perseverant psychological state is disintegrating with the holy terror of the Colonies12 reinforcing to the reader the idea Offred must mentally shackle herself adhere to the limitations of life established. Reflecting to the audience that authoritarian subjugation has the power to inflict so often forethought that we strip ourselves of the desire to fight for the liberty and freedom that we k forthwith is right. Highlighting the contrast mingled with the protagonists, Offred is aware of her subjugation and is unable to guerrilla against it due to the potential backlash. Contrastingly, Celie, as aforementioned appears accepting of her role as deserved, or inevitable alternatively, Offred preaches passive resistance taking liberation from the psychological onslaught. This can be ascertained by the description of her existence as theatrical I stand on the corner pretending I am a tree.13 Here, Walker presents to the reader the resilience of women in the face of patriarchal subjugation, and reflects the quote of Walker. Offred refuses to give up her power as can be seen from the choice of verb pretend. Suggesting, as a woman she has not changed psychologically due to her subjugation, rather she must appear changed to survive separating herself from the image expected of her, never losing sight of how she perceives herself despite the indoctrination she is subjected to. Atwood encapsulates this by the comparison to a tree, trees commentator throughout history, standing, unmoving, dependant on humans for preserving its life, e xactly like Offred. Alternatively, others readers whitethorn interpret this as, despite not being able to escape physically from its surroundings but can soar upwards above the small, damaging thoughts of man and survive unchangingly preserving its own identity, flourishing and blooming in the process. This is where we can see Offred, she conforms to the regime, but does not allow it to define her changing her self-perception, separating her physical and mental self. Offred understands she is just playing a role analogous to a tree, despite all that is going on around her she is able to stay strong and unwavering in her quest to survive. The only way she can do this is by maintaining her mental authorization and thus her power, despite the viciousness circulating around her. Consequently, Atwood presents to the reader that Offred, despite not being a conventional literary hero -submitting outwardly to the regime- is unquestionably powerful, inspiring large number in comparable re al life positions, reinforcing the idea via tree mental imagery that by maintaining psychological strength she can never be felled.As aforementioned, Walker presents Celie in accordance with the traditional representation of African-American women in literature timid, weak. Nevertheless, she undergoes a psychological transformation becoming an empowered woman, when she builds her relationship with the psychologically liberated Shug Avery. Prior to Averys arrival, Celie idolises her second to God alone. Shug becomes dependant on Celie whilst she nurses her, temporarily allowing Celie to feel equal to someone. In the process, Shug fills Celies emotional void she was deprived of, when Olivia was prevailn, Celie works on Shug like she a doll or like she Olivia.14 Walkers diction, utilising the common noun doll produces connotations of childhood and play. Therefore, its prevalence in the sentence could represent that Celie has been deprived of a childhood due to the subjugation she enc ountered, but now she has Shug as her dependant, she appears psychologically liberated. Accordingly, Walkers syntax metaphorically represents to the reader the evolution of Celies character development. This interpretation is reinforced by critic and psychologist Daniel W. Ross, Celie in the Looking ice The Desire for Selfhood in The Color Purple. Ross identifies the doll as a transitional device for girls developing in childhood, preparing for the nurturing roll that they will experience as future mothers. A modern reader may not interpret it this way as in the 21st century not all women want to grow up to have children. However, when published in 1982 this was the norm of society, especially within the context of a 1930s African-American association in the South. With Ross interpretation and cause of Walkers intentions, one can see that when people have the support to break free they do. Celie has cl earliest begun to employ some of the psychological growth stunted in her child hood, Shugs presence and later familiarity acts as a tool for Celie enabling her to continue maturing despite the subjugation targeted against her by Mr.______.In conjunction with Walker, Atwood portrays the psychological effects of subjugation on Offred as decreasingly damaging, with her resilience against the regime. The structure of Offreds internal dialogue as a palimpsest of past events embodies the idea that Gileadean attempts to indoctrinate psychologically, but has failed control their private cognitions. This basis is shown in Offreds description of the Lilies of the Valley and its previous function as a theatre, Students went there a lot women on their own, qualification up their minds We seemed to be able to choose, then.15 Atwoods analepsis represents to the reader despite the subjugation encountered in the patriarchy, a offend way of life exists, almost as a vision of higher(prenominal) reality, identically to the role God and Nettie play for Celie. Despite these fl ashbacks being excruciating for Offred, by forcing herself to remember she keeps her power and the tenacity for survival. Atwood uses these flashbacks to show Offred rebelling against the indoctrination as early as Chapter five setting a precedent for the rest of the novel, and for people in real life situations comparable to Celie. Chapter five is when Offred becomes aware of her subjugation and wants to fight it, following an encounter with Japanese tourists, We are fascinated, but besides repelled. They seem undressed. This shows immediately quickly from the start of the novel, the weak can be indoctrinated, if you are not strong and dont maintain your mental strength in the subjugating surroundings you will fall. Nevertheless, Atwood presents Offred as a macrocosm of all women with the idea that a woman always has the power to think no matter what situation she is in. We can see this with the realisation that follows Offreds quote I think I used to dress like that. That was fr eedom. NM3This quote explicitly highlights Offreds psychological development, from accepting the ideas promoted in Gilead to an outright rejection of the philosophy of the role females are vatical to undertake. The punctuation of this quote acts as an audible and visible barrier between the mind control of Gilead and the mental liberty that Offred desires. Atwood tactfully uses the colon in place of a comma to show the separation between her desire to think and the actual thoughts that she has. Atwoods presentation allows the reader to see the cognitive functions of her sense, rejecting the indoctrination that she had get at the red centre. Also, extenuating how far society has affected her that it takes time and effort to come to a judgement that she previously associated with on a material level. By opening this door, Atwood presents the idea that having make this initial rebellion, she is reclaiming her power and can move on to reject other elements of society. Shunning aunty Lydias freedom from in favour of having the freedom to, and thus we can see a decrease in the psychological effects that the authoritarianism has on her. Hence, Atwoods reinforcement of Walkers theme, when one becomes mentally liberated from subjugation they gain the metamorphic ability to transform into an unstoppable entity with the power to continue your personal insurgence.Celies psychological development, isnt dependent on Shug alone, she also learns to live alone and function as an independent woman comparable to Offred, just in a diverse society. Walker portrays Celie as conquering her subjugation gaining her freedom from the patriarchal society by taking control of her own life but not sacrificing her femininity in the process, as being strong and feminine two things often not mutually associated. Celie takes up sewing, traditionally a matricentric chore for women who are confined to a domestic setting. But, Walker takes this and turns it into an waiver of expression, c reativity and freedom as well as a stipendiary business in the process, profiting on femininity. Despite being unrealistic that an African-American girl could make this monumental shift in her life, it should be remembered that these are not explicitly real people but rather representations of a wider narrative that the authors want to convey. When this is considered the deus ex machina is powerful symbolism representing, when women are psychologically liberated from subjugation anything is possible for anyone, promoting an idea of female expressionism and psychological advances. We gain this understanding as it exemplifies Walkers own beliefs on feminism and equality as she is a firm believer that femininity doesnt mean subjugation16. Reflected by Celies deliverance from subjugation through associating with female characters and partaking in feminine hobbies. If Celie gained her psychological strength by taking on something characteristically male, with men the reader would not h ave the same veneration towards Celie, breaking from societal convention. In a society dominated by men Celies unique femininity flourishes, showing that women do not need men to succeed highlighting the brilliance of female cooperation and bonding. prof Mae G. Henderson17 reinforces that its female bonding which restores a womens sense of completeness and independency Celie exemplifies the power and potential of this bonding. Celies business is metaphorical in the need for female empowerment, its her business and female bonding that has freed her and now she is gaining success Walker reflects this in her mental state. Therefore, the business acts as an important symbol in Celies psychological development. No longer does she feel she deserves the abuse described by Proudfit, comparably to Offred shes striving to create a breach tomorrow for herself, reclaiming her mental power lost in her subjugation.Atwood concludes Offreds journey from victim to rebel through the cassette tapes. These recordings elevate to Atwoods readers that Offreds consciousness and ability to remember her life prior to Gilead enables her to live on, never relinquishing the past. Whether Offred witnessed the fall of Gilead is left ambiguous, but she proves the regime didnt take her psychological strength. The tapes metaphorically represent her ability to be heard above the government, the indoctrination of the Aunts and the fear of The Eyes all unsuccessful in their psychological subjugation of Offred. Atwood presents that the attempts to psychologically subjugate Offred was never as strong as the desire of women to have the silk hat the problems they are faced with. Similarly, Celies final letter shows the extent to which her character has unquestionable crossways the breadth of the novel. The novel ends with the realisation that although her generation is growing older, the reunion with her children and Nettie has made her feel younger than ever providing psychological closure f or the absence seizure of childhood that she has endured. Now she can appreciate the virtue of youthfulness that was stripped from her at the start of the novel. Walker opened with a quote from Alphonse, You better not never tell nobody but God. Itd kill your mammy. Readers can see that in the opening parts of the novel Celie adheres to this subjugation and her letters are never titled to anyone other than God, showing how her voice was check by her father. However, by the end of the novel Celie is talking to all things on earth and otherworldly breaking secular liminality sound God. Dear stars, Dear trees, Dear sky, Dear peoples, Dear everything. Therefore, we can wee that Walker concludes her novel similarly to Atwood with both protagonists overcoming the psychological effects of their subjugators by allowing their voices to be freed. Howbeit, where the authors differ is through the legacy their characters leave behind in their messages, both can be seen as mutually optimistic consisting of the fall of Gilead, and a imperious Celie reunited with her family, giving Celies tale a conclusive ending. But, Atwoods shows, whilst undeniable victories have been made for feminism, society is still misogynistic, ascertained from the language used by Professor Pieixoto being almost identical to that being used in Gilead. Thus, whilst presenting the idea that when one woman is freed from the subjugation the next shall follow its still the logical argument of her readers and to keep on fighting as society, despite becoming a long was is still patriarchal is not the answer reinforced by the fact that Offred rejected her mothers activism and consequently we are never sure if she enjoys liberation. The authors, via the protagonists take us on a subconscious journey through society with the first-person narrative. Allowing the reader to gain a personal insight into what the individual stories represent, and the best way that the authors can do this is through psychologi cal rating. As the brain is something we can never escape, both authors aim to educate the reader on the effects that subjugation has and how by coming together women can worst this and triumph against any challenge.Hit thisCritical evaluative applicationPresents a critical evaluative argument with sustained textual examples.Evaluates the effects of literary features with sophisticated use of concepts and terminology.Uses sophisticated structure and expression.Exhibits a critical evaluation of the ways meanings are shaped.Evaluates the effects of literary features and shows a sophisticated understanding of the writers craft.Presents a sophisticated evaluation and appreciation of consequence and influence of contextual factors.Makes sophisticated links between text and contexts.1 The Best Liberal Quotes incessantly Why the Left is Right (2004) by William P. Martin, p. 173.2 Later revealed not to be the biological father but at this stage of the novel all the reader and Celie kno w alike is that he is Pa.3 //leading to criticism from many Critics as they believe that Walker gives an unrealisitic interpretation of African-American men making them seem barbarous.4 -25 Valerie Sweeney Prince, Burnin Down the House Home in African American Literature, New York Columbia University Press, 20056 Charles L. Proudfit, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic developmental Reading of Alice Walkers The Color Purple, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, JSTOR.7 Alice Walker, The Color Purple, Hachette UK, google books,p. 6.8 https//books.google.co.uk/books?id=jhPGJeTIIisCpg=PA182lpg=PA182dq=heroine+celiesource=blots=D1Y9ayFzjAsig=y2h-11mMOkKSFBJu_FiyItjcYxAhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjQnO2t4cfSAhWJA8AKHSULDs0Q6AEIPjAIv=onepageq=heroine%20celief=false come back to9 Charles L. Proudfit, Celies Search for Identity A Psychoanalytic Developmental Reading of Alice Walkers The Color Purple, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, JSTOR. P. 17.1011 P. 1741213 Alice Walker, The Ha ndmaids Tale, Random House, New York. P. 30.14 Color purple pg. 42.15 HT pg. 40.16 https//www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/09/alice-walker-beauty-in-truth-interview women, at this point, are comfortable referring to themselves as guys, and basically erasing their femininity at every opportunity. I dont get it.17 S peaking in Tongues and Dancing DiasporaNM1AO1 Articulate informed, personal and seminal responses to literary texts, using associated concepts and terminology, and coherent, accurate written expression. 26.7%AO2 Analyse ways in which meanings are shaped in literary texts. 26.7%AO3 Demonstrate understanding of the significance and influence of the contexts in which literary texts are written and received. 21.9%AO4 Explore connections across literary texts. 14%AO5 Explore literary texts informed by varied interpretations. 11%NM2Handmaids tale society is so oppressiveSee Libby Barton for taste titleNM3Puritan link

The Nature Of Strategic Management Journal Commerce Essay

The Nature Of strategicalal counseling Journal craft Essay strategical counsel is ideas and injunctions that enable the giving medication achieve its verifiable or long- termination target to perform a better performance. The character of strategical management is to seek the opportunities for better proximo of the organization. Gener all toldy, good strategic management practices endure improve the organization performance and achieve the organization target objectives. The strategies on an organization atomic number 18 do by the management itself to ensure the reinforcementful of the organization. The strategic management procedure consists of three stages which ar outline formulation, outline performance and outline valuation.1. INTRODUCTIONToday, in that respect atomic number 18 umteen definitions of strategic defined by discordant authors and by adduce to Mintzberg et al. (1998), the definition of strategic is universal and there is no single. The othe rs author, Chandler (1962) as the Ameri arse occupation historian is the first person that defined strategic as determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources prerequisite for birthing out those goals. In the context of construction, Channon (1978) defined scheme in term of the extent of diversification, global activity and acquisition policy. Mintzberg (1994) portrays scheme as a plan a direction, a guide or strategic prudence Practices in Malaysian Construction Industry 142 course of action into the future and as a pattern, that is, consistent in behavior over time.Strategic management has evolved into a more sophisticated and potentially more hefty tool (St one(a)y, 2001). The strategic management stages need a person who is adequate to handle this extremity more effectually and to make sure that its victor (Stahl and Grigsby, 1992). To ensure firm success and burn ove rcome any barriers that fall during strategic management bear on, the top management of an organization must extend their roles through involvement in the process, through dialogue and participation. The range consumption of the process is to achieve the understanding and commitment from top management and employees.2. Strategic Management in General STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN planetaryThere ar many definitions that argon defined by various authors. According to David (1997) strategic management is the art and science of formulating, applying, evaluating cross useable decision that enable organization to achieve its objectives. Wheelen and Hunger (1984) say that strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that sterilises the long-run performance of an organization. It includes surroundingsal scanning (both external and internal), outline formulation (strategic or long-range planning), dodge executing and evaluation and control. Wheelen and Hunger (20 03) noned that people at all levels, not just top management, need to be involve in strategic management scanning the environs for critical in fundamental law, suggesting changes to strategies and programs to take service of environs shifts, and working with others to continuously improve work methods, procedures, and evaluation techniques by working with other people in the organization.3. FINDINGSStages in Strategic Management system FormulationThe first phase is outline formulation. Certo and Peter (1991) give tongue to that schema formulation want to ensure that the organization achieve the objectives that they construct been made. David (1997) say that scheme formulation includes the decision on what business to conduct, how to assign the resources, and whether want the business join or enter to international market. Besides, David likewise verbalize that dodging formulation phase includes growth a deal and mission, placeing an organization external opportunit ies and threats, determining internal strength and weaknesses, turn outing long-term objectives, generating substitute strategies, and choosing the best alternative strategy to be pursue. He also said that issues in strategic management includes deciding what new business to enter, what business to abandon, how to allocate resources without hostile takeovers, whether to expand operations or diversity, whether to merge or form a joint venture, whether to enter international markets and how to avoid a hostile takeover.ROLES OF INTELLIGENCE IN STRATEGY FORMULATIONGood news is not necessarily going to make a great strategy while successful strategies ar derived from good intelligence concerning a ac orders make out business environment including the competition. There is some intelligence role in strategy formulation. Among them are Describing the Competitive Environment.Intelligence epitome must to carry out their responsibilities, so that the company can compete with the challe nging environment over time. Besides that, intelligence should also determine the causes of the companys competitive environment, including competitors, customers, products, the organise of the industry in which they all perform, and the type of competition, such as scathe performance, and technology.Forecasting the Future Competitive EnvironmentIntelligence department can provide predictions of future business for the company, especially in the competitive environment in which the company is likely to find itself. Business intelligence appraisal is the virtually subdue intelligence products to reflect the competitive environment in the future, as being one entirely different from the business environment that it competes in today.Identifying and Compensating for Exposed Weaknesses.Companys own weaknesses and vulnerabilities can be identify and pass judgment by using intelligence department. Usually when a company is intimately to launch a new strategy or enter a market or bu siness that it has never participated in before, this ability is in particular valuable because the competition is likely to have assessed the newcomers strengths and weaknesses and will exploit those weaknesses that are truly vulnerabilities. Before entering the new business arena, companies must be aware of his own weaknesses before the occurrence of a competition. This is to ensure that the company is always ready to take corrective action or organize new strategies so that the company is not affected.Using Intelligence to action and Adjust dodging to the Changing Competitive Environment.After the new strategy have been designed and tested, then it goes through dickens distinct phases of executing. sign instruction execution of the first phase is when competitors began to detect and respond to the strategys salient features. sequence the second phase is developing a more complete and appropriate set of actions to counter your strategy. The intelligence that you gather du ring both distinct phases of writ of execution are critical to the long-term viability of your new strategy because comprehensiveness, timeliness, objectivity and epitome are containd in these two phase. Few US companies are capable of managing such in effect(p) business intelligence operations and then formulating the appropriate ongoing business plans necessary to continually adjust their strategy to the changing competitive environment.DESIGNING A STRATEGY FORMULATION touch on FOR NEW, TECHNOLOGY-BASED FIRMS A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACHWhen open innovation models are being introduced in the industry, innovative firms must taking more and more open forms, so that a firm can farm the innovation process in a intimacy- found society. In addition, the firm also can build holey borders to incorporate their own familiarity and competencies with others. The first step is to identify efficacious fellowship among employees and stakeholders of the NTBF (new technology based firm ), so that they do not pack further discussion. However, in the external environment, identify useful cognition is not as easy as I thought. There are several(prenominal) questions that must be answered to proceed from knowledge identification to withdraw knowledge -Who has the pass knowledge?This question is more relevant when searching among the members of the NTBF tho if also a who knows the where about(predicate)s of the bespeak knowledge? which is more relevant when the requested knowledge lies outside the firm.What are our relations with the actor holding the requested knowledge?Question like this is to identify ways to strengthen ties in the relation with the actor/partner holding the requested knowledge. What drives this relationship? Is it based on friendship, a strategic alliance, a mutually-beneficial business relationship, or a potential partnership etc.?What is the nature of the requested knowledge?The 3rd question is link to the knowledge complexity that determ ines the ability to accomplish the knowledge enthral because it is has to be regarded indoors the framework of a specific knowledge exploit, between specific persons in a specific context.How can we transfer this knowledge and what is the compensation requested for this transfer?The fourth question related to the readiness of the owner knowledge to share knowledge because knowledge transfer process cannot be determined in advance, and this depends on the complexity of knowledge and the absorptive capacity of the recipient to make the transfer.Apart from compensation, are there additional speak tos associated with the transfer?The fifth question tries to examine the non-monetary address associated with the transfer of knowledge. As mentioned earlier, a NTBFs resources are limited and valuable and the cost to absorb a knowledge transfer might prove high-priced in terms of man days of key members of the NTBF.Does this knowledge transaction contribute to the formation of a collabo rative competitive advantage?The final question concerns the examination of the probability that this knowledge transaction is part of the formation of a knowledge-based strategic alliance forming a sustainable competitive advantage that is difficult to imitate.Strategy ImplementationThe second phase is strategy carrying into action. In this phase, Sharplin (1995) said that all the organization activities or business strategies must be based on the strategic plan made. Organization must establish the objectives and policies of the company so that all the employees know what they should do to achieve the company objectives. Besides, the company also needs to do something to ensure that all the employees are motivated to do the job, and resources need to be allocating to execute formulated strategies. stiff strategy implementation is really meaning(a) to the organization. Based to Certo and Peter (1991), effective strategy implementation is really of the essence(p) to get the ben efits of performing an analysis of organizational, establishment of organizational direction and formulating.APPRAISING THE ROLE OF STRATEGY executing IN EXPORT PERFORMANCE A CASE FROM MIDDLE easternmostThey are various point of views to define and describe the strategy implementation. Strategy implementation whitethorn be define as a process inducing various forms of organizational learning, because both environmental threats and strategic responses can make something happen for organizational learning processes (Lehner, 2004). Strategy implementation is a combination process of implementing strategies, policies, programs and action plans that swear outs a firm to take the benefits of opportunities in the competitive environment by using wisely and usefully its resources (Harrington, 2006). Strategy implementation is also can be described that the companies can identify the future opportunities as a lively process (Schaap, 2006). On the vault of heaven of studies in strategy im plementation, it must be done with the international perspective. In Hrebiniak conceptual framework there are some suggestion about the key factor for strategy implementation which include of eliminateership, facilitating global learning, developing global managers, having a matrix structure and working with external companies for international environment. Besides that, there are other framework introduced by Yip, that intricate organizational structure, culture, people and managerial process (Okumus, 2003). There are two groups of variables which is operational (budgeting, structure) and managerial (culture, leadership) that had been identify in this study of measuring the strategy implementation.STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROLDuring an action, strategy implementation is a managing forces and focuses on efficiency. It is primarily an operational process, requires special motivation and leadership skills and requires the combination among many individual.There are some severa l of issues that involve in strategy implementation which is Strategies are not lead to action and have to be activated through implementation.Plan should be lead in strategies. termination of plan in different kind of programmes.Formulation of projects must lead to programmes. Separate allocation of fund is requires and it must be completed within a time given.The needed infrastructure for the day-to-day operations create of Projects create within an organization.Strategies implementation is not limited to formulation of plans, programmes, and projects. resources would require in projects. After it has been provided, it would be essential to see a strait-laced organizational structure is designed, systems have been installed, devised the functional policies, and various behavioural inputs are provided to make sure the plans may work.Below is the issues in strategy implementation that are to be considered Project implementationProcedural implementationResource allocationStructura l implementationFunctional implementationBehavioural implementationTHE ROLE OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN EFFECTIVESTRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION PERCEPTIONS OF SOUTH African STRATEGIC LEADERSThe effectiveness and importance of strategy implementationIn some of organizations from South African, it was found that the strategy implementation is more important than strategy formulation and can be see that the ability to implement a strategy in an organisation is more likely important than the ability to formulate a strategy in an organisation. Strategy implementation can be more difficult than the strategy formulation. This study was founded that the effectiveness of strategy implementation in South African organizations can help the organisation to gain the effectiveness of organisation. It can show that, the strategy implementation more effectiveness to be utilize it within the organisation.Barriers to effective strategy implementationThere are some barriers to achieve the effectiveness of s trategy implementation The workforce are poorly to understanding of the strategy and the most of important barriers to effective strategy implementation is there are an unable communication of the strategy among the workforceAnother major barrier to an effective strategy implementation is strategic leadership is not perceived.Drivers of strategy implementationThe importance of the drivers of strategy implementation The most important driver of strategy implementation is strategic leadership.Strategic leadership contributes positively to the effective implementation of a strategy within an organizationMany all of authors stated that the key of strategy implementation is strategic leadership (Hrebiniak 2005 Collins 2001 Useem 1998, 2001 Locke Kirkpatrick 1991 freedman Tregoe 2003 Hitt et al. 2007 Hsieh Yik 2005 Bossidy Charan 2002 Thompson Strickland 2003 Hussey 1998 Kaplan Norton 2004). In fact, the effectiveness of strategy implementation is based on the strategic leaders of the organisation and to get the effectiveness to implementing strategy within the organisation, it is only through effective strategic leadership. (Hitt et al. 2007).The role of strategic leadership actions in strategy implementationThe most important role in effective strategy implementation is the strategic leadership. The other of the important roles in strategy implementation is culture of human capital, the exploitation and maintenance of core competencies. The development of social capital is the strategic leadership action is to play the to the lowest degree important role in effective strategy implementation.Strategy military ratingThe last phase of this management process is evaluation. Weiss (1972) define the purpose of evaluation as measuring the effects on given task whether it is accord to the goals and objective of the organization. Thus, an improvement or corrective action should be interpreted after the evaluation has been made. It is really important to use a m achinate analysis to figure out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for both external and internal factors. This may require taking certain precautionary throwaways to change the entire strategy. enquiry methodologies need to be used to quantify the outcome from the evaluation against the goals that has been made to create a success. Weiss agree that goals are really important in an evaluation to improve the performance. Evaluation done by reviewing current strategies, measure the performance and take the corrective actions. The need of an evaluation is to know the success of the organization. Certo and Peter (1991) stated that the evaluation needs information about strategic performance to compare it with existing standards.Balanced scorecard (BSC) is an example of one of the popular approaches to evaluate the organization performance. It was first introduced by Kaplan and Norton (1992. 1996a). The BSC typically is a method that allows an organization to indicate its vision, develop and communicate a strategy to achieve the established vision and convert the developed strategy into action.4. finaleIn general, strategic management can be used to determine mission, vision, values, goals, objectives, roles and responsibilities. Strategic management is important in the organization to know the objectives and the aim of the organizations. The nature of strategic management also involve about the process or stages. This study was focused on the strategic management process. Strategic management process has three stages which is strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. The strategic management process is becoming more widely used by small firms, large companies, nonprofit institutions, governmental organizations, and multinational conglomerates alike. It represents a logical, systematic, and objective approach for determining an organizations future direction. All the three stages of the process were important for all the organization. This is because those process are more likely as a guideline to the organization to manage their organization. Without a proper strategy the successful and the effectiveness cannot be occur. A good strategist plans and controls his or her plans, whereas a bad strategist never plans and then tries to control people. We can conclude that the strategy is important within the organization which as a direction for organization to manage their management.Without a strategy, an organization is like a ship without a rudder, going around in circles. Its like a tramp it has no place to go. Joel Ross and Michael Kami

Medicinal Properties of Fruits for Cancer

Medicinal Properties of Fruits for CancerABSTRACTCancer a sickness with broad(prenominal) morbidity and mortality locate rates is a challenge to human life. The original therapeutic strategies ar associated with untoward set up which necessitates alternate get byment with slight adverse effects. In addition to this pubic louse restrainion is desirable which has chair to a new concept called biochemo ginmill. In this regard, healthful properties of sows can be exploited for crabmeat prevention and instruction as they can be procured terms effectively and atomic number 18 less likely to produce adverse effects as they argon diet derived. This obligate reviews the phytochemicals and evidence ground preventive and therapeutic effects of some comm solitary(prenominal) used plants with healthful properties against pubic louse.Key words Cancer, phytochemicals, healthful properties of plants, biochemoprevention.INTRODUCTIONCancer continues to be a challenge to human life as the disease has naughty morbidity and mortality rates. Though surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the Gold Standard measures of malignant neoplastic disease therapy they are associated with adverse effects. Despite the recent advances in therapeutic strategies, the basketball team year survival rate of one of the most usually occurring crabby person like oral cancer is as low as 62% with no improvement in the quality of life of the affected individuals1. therefrom a treatment modality with less adverse effects bequeath be of great benefit to the affected patients. Also research in the field of oncology has lead to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis that has revealed that caner is a mostly preventable disease. and so a new concept called biochemoprevention has evolved not only to prevent but also combat the shortcomings of cancer therapy. Chemoprevention or biochemoprevention refers to pharmacologic intervention with synthet ic or natural compounds that may prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis.The use of medicinal plants for the management of several(a) diseases including cancer has been carried divulge several hundred years ago during the period of Charaka, the Father of medicinal drug and Susrutha, the Father of Surgery. With the advent of Modern medicine, traditional medicine has lost its importance. Hence the medicinal properties of plants which are our natural resources must be re- explored to prevent and treat cancer. The advantages of utilizing medicinal properties of plants for cancer prevention and management include easy availability, cost effective and less likely to produce side effects as most of these plants or plant parts are diet derived. This article highlights evidence base preventive and therapeutic effects of some commonly used plants with medicinal properties against cancer.REVIEWNEEMAzadirachta indica commonly cognise as neem in side and Vembu in Tamil is autochthonous to our country and is know for several medicinal properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic. It also finds its use in preparation of cosmetics, tooth brush, fertilizer, and tooth brush. This could be attributed to more than 140 compounds play in variant parts of the plant. tardily research has been carried out to demonstrate the antineoplastic effects of this plant. Ethanolic extract of neem leaves caused both reduction in tumor size of it and decrease in tumor progression even after completion of treatment with neem extract in N methyl N nitrosurea induced mammary tumors in Sprague Drawley rats. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of proapoptotic genes and proteins such(prenominal) as p53, Bcl2 (B prison cubiclephone lymphoma 2), Bax, Caspases, PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homologe), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) and down regulation of oncogenes such as VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), CDK1 (cyclin dependent kinase 1),Nuclear factor kapp a B (NF kappa B), MAP 1 (mitogen activated protein kinase 1).2Glycoproteins present in neem leaves also exert anti- cancer effects by restricting tumor growth in murine, These proteins alter tumor microenvironment by increasing CD 8 T (cluster of differentiation ) kiosks, protect T booths from Anergy, decrease activation induced T cell death by lessen expression of FAsR. (FAS sense organ) Cytotoxicity of sarcoma cells were caused cod to increase expression of per bodyin, granzyme B in lymphocytes3. These results shed light on the fact that neem extracts posses immunomodulatory effects and so aid in targeted therapy against malignant cells, sparing usual cells. Hence these extracts are less likely to produce side effects.TULASIOscimum holy of holies commonly know as Tulasi in Tamil and Holy basil in English is a sacred plant of Hinduism. The aromatic plant has several medicinal properties and has been used several thousand years ago for the management of various diseases and a ilments like common cold, fever, acne, headache, stress, aphthous ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, ecema. It also has been used as an expectorant for management of cough, antimicrobial promoter in preventing diarrhoea, analgesic for pain management. Other medicinal properties include immunomoduation, hypolipidemic and hepato overprotective. Phytochemical atoms that confer these properties are oleanic battery-acid, urosolic acid, rosmatinic acid, eugenol, carvacol, linalool, beta carophyllene, beta elemene, germaserene. Oscimum sanctum possesses cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. Important phytochemicals such as eugenol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, silosterol, carnosic acid, lutrolen, myrtenal present in tulasi prevent chemical induced cancers of skin, lung, oral cavity, liver by founding of apoptosis, prevention of angiogenesis and metastasis, antioxidant legal action and alteration of genes4. Flavonoids such as ornitine, vicenin, protect normal tissue from th erapeutic radiation and prevent radiation induced mortality in mice. Eugenol, rosmarinic acid and apigenin present in Holy basil prevent radiation induced desoxyribonucleic acid (deoxy ribonucleic acid) damage thereby acting as chemopreventive agent.Tulasi exerts radioprotective effects in oral cancer by causing of import reduction of glutathione in erythrocytes of oral cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy and flavonoids of Oscimum sanctum in comparison with oral cancer patients who received only radiotherapy.5genus Allium VEGETABLESAllium vegetables like onion plant are used as season and seasoning agent for food in many countries6. Interestingly two species of onion viz red onion (Allium cepa) and yellow onion (Allium flavum) possess medicinal properties.Bulb of Allium cepa contains flavonoids such as anthrocyanins and dihydroflavonols7. The sulphur containing active constituent of onion bulb occur mainly in the form of s alkaline cysteine sulfoxides which decompo se into thiosulfinates and polysulfides8. Thiosulfinates are volatile sulphur compounds responsible for the prickly odour and medicinal properties9. Onion exerts chemopreventive application. The ethyl acetate extract of onion has been shown to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines10. It also inhibits fatty acid synthase and lipid accumulation in adipocytes, thereby preventing obesity, one of the predisposing factors for breast cancer11.Yellow onion (Allium flavum) also has antitumour activity Allium flavum extract has significant phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial activity against staph aureus, Bacillius subtilis and antiproliferative activity against HCT cell lines (Homo sapiens colorectal carcinoma cell lines)12.PINEAPPLEAnnamas cosmous or pine apple is a tropical plant of Bromadiaceae family. Edible portion of this plant is the issue which is made of coalesced berries. Pineapple has been used in southernmost America, China, South East Asia for the man agement of various ailments like inflammation, burns as it exerts medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, inhibition of platelet aggregation and skin debridement. In 1957, Bromelain was identified as the active principle present in the idea and unripe fruits of pineapple exerting the above mentioned activities. Bromelain, is a mixture of proteases13. Bromelain alters molecular pathways of carcinogenesis, tumor microenvironment and then could be used as an antitumour agent. Bromelain also exerts anticancer effects by immunomodulation and hemostatic mechasnism14. Pineapple extract in detail 2 mouse skin tumorigenesis clay sculpture cause reduction in tumor size (65%) and volume. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of p53,Bax,, caspase 3,9 and downregulation of Bcl2, inhibition of COX 2( cyclooxygenase 2), inactivation of NF kappa B ( thermonuclear factor kappa B), MAP(mitogen activated protein linase) kinase, Erk (extracellular-signal-regu lated kinases ) and Akt (protein kinase B)15,16.CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLESBrassica oleracea belongs to the family Brassiaceae which are commonly known as cruciferous vegetables. In uncultivated form it is called as wild cabbage and is native to Europe. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea capita), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), Brocoli (Brassica oleraceaitalica) are some of the varieties of wild cabbage developed by various cultivars. These cruciferous vegetables are a part of diet in many countries including India. Recently research has been carried out to assess the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of these vegetables17. The leaves of Cabbage contain 2 pyrolidinone which has been stray and identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and tall Performance liquid chromatography. This active constituent induces apoptosis and cell cycles/second arrest in GO/G1 phase in HeLa ( cervical cancer cell line taken from Henrietta Lacks) and BC-3 cell lines (body cavi ty-based lymphoma cell line ), hence possesses antitumor activity.18 Brassica oleracea also contains glucosinoates which on hydrolysis yields isothicyanates that exerts antineoplastic effects. Surforaphane is one such isothiocyanate that causes downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of p53, Bax, Caspase 3 in Hep 2 cell lines ( He La derivative )19. Isothicyanates has chemopreventive effects. These isothiocyanates modulate carcinogen metabolising enzymes, thereby limit formation of reactive intermediates that from DNA adducts. Both intact glucosinolates and isothiocyantes modulate Phase II detoxification enzymes such as Quinone reductases, GST,( Glutathione-S-transferases) EH (Epoxide hydrolase), UGT (Uridine 5-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase). Intact glucosinolates modulate CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes line EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) , MROD (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase). Isothicyanates and glucosinolates like Phenyl isothiocyanates, erucin, sulforaphone are antagonists o f Aryl hydrocarcobon receptor hence aid in cancer prevention17.APPLEApple, the pomaceous fruit of genus Malus domestica tree belongs to the family Rosaceae. Malas sieversi, ancestor of this species is native to the mountains of Central Asia. It is one of the oldest known fruit that prevents lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), thrombosis and stroke. Polyphenols and flavonoids, the phytochemical constituents of apple fruit contract antioxidant properties. The phytochemical components of apple can act as chemopreventive agent due to the antioxidant and antiproliferative property20. Triterpenoids of apple peel possesses antitumor activity. 2R-hydroxy-3-(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2-propenyloxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid and 3-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid , the triterpenoids isolated from apple peel exerts high antitumor activity against HepG2 cell lines. Ursolic acid, 3-transp-coumaroyloxy-2R-h ydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and 2R-hydroxyursolic acid are the terpenoids that has higher antineoplastic activity against MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cancer cells. Terpenoids such as 2R-hydroxy-3-(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2- propenyloxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid, maslinic acid, and 3-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid has higher anticancer effects against heterogeneoushumanepithelialcolorectal adenocarcinomacells (Caco2) cancer cells. Apple peel extracts exert anticancer effects by causing Go/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreasing expression of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, increasing the levels of the tumor suppressor protein mapsin in human prostrate and breast carcinoma cells21,22.PAPAYACarcia melon tree commonly known as melon tree of the family Caricaceae is cultivated throughout India. Leaves of papaya have been used to treat diseases and aliments like jaundice, asthma, colic, fever, beri beri. Recent studies have demonstrated th at papaya leaf extracts could be used for cancer management. Significant growth restrictive activity of Carica papaya leaf extract on a couple of cell lines including Raji and Ramos (Burkitts lymphoma cell lines) , Jurkat (T cell Lymphoma cell line), HepG2 and Huh-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines), K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line) PC14 (lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HeLa (cervical carcinoma cell line, Panc-1 (pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma cell line), Capan1 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line), ARH77 (plasma cell leukemia cell line), H2452 (mesothelioma cell line) , Karpas-299 (anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma cell line). Treatment of peripheral pipeline mononuclear cells (PMBC) with the extract caused increased production of antitumour cytokines with no change in viability of the cells. In addition, the peipheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the extract had increased cytotoxic activity against chronic mylogen ous lukemia cell line23. Thus Carcia papaya exterts antitumour activity through grwoth restrictive and immmunomodulatory mechanisms. This property could be attributed to the active constituent carpaine present in papaya leaves. Papaya Leaf also contains a remarkable protein-dissolving enzyme called papain that degrades fibrin that makes up the protective layer of cancer cells, making the cancer cells more susceptible to repellent response or chemotherapy. Studies have revealed that mice immunized with papain possess serum antibodies which cross-react with cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-H-like endopeptidases isolated from B16 melanoma cells along with inhibition of growth rate, invasion and metastasis in B16 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma .Thus the compound hinders tumor growth and prevents it from spreading to other parts of the body24. In addition, papaya leaf has antioxidants like beta-carotene, flavonols, and vitamin C that scavenge free radicals which are responsible for c arcinogenesis, which act as adjuvant for cancer therapy. Papaya cum has been used for the management of worm infestations in the gastrointestinal tract due to its antihelminthic activity. Papaya seeds contain benzyl isothiocyanate which exhibits antineoplastic effects by inhibiting of carcinogen-activating cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and cell cycle progression inducing carcinogen-detoxifying phase 2 enzyme and apoptosis. Higher preoccupation of BITC (benzylisothiocyanate) has a better inhibition rate of cell proliferation on H69 cell, with IC(50) entertain of 6.5 mol/L25.TOMATOLycopersecon ecsculentum or tomato plant plant belongs to the night shade family called Solanaceae. heavy fruit of this plant is red in colour which is classified based on size and shape as slicing or clump tomato, beefsteak, oxheart, plum, pear, cherri, carpari. Lycopene is the chief active constituent having antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular and immunomodulatory effects26. Lycopene is a better singlet oxygen scavenger than other carotenoids. Interestingly tomato leaves has anticancer activity. Extracts of tomato leaves have been shown to exert antineoplastic activity in MCF breast cancer cell lines by causing genetic alterations27. Lycopene promotes cell adhesion by increasing E cadherin expression, reduces cell proliferation by decreasing PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression and confines proliferating cells to the basal and parabasal layer in 4NQQ (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide )induced tongue carcinogenesis model in mice. Thus Lycopene could be used as a chemopreventive agent28. Bifunctional nucelases from tomato RTBN1 also has antitumor activity29.CONCLUSIONAlong with attempts to improve cure rate of cancer, concerted efforts to prevent the disease continuity should be undertaken. This is particularly dependable for the high risk population and high risk individuals. A targeted prevention in high risk individuals with high risk lesion s using agents targeted to reveal molecules in the carcinogenesis process should have an impact in lowering the disease morbidity and mortality. Advances in molecular biology have helped to define these high risk individuals with high risk lesions and novel chemopreventive targets. In this regard targeted improvement using medicinal properties of plants should overcome some of the earlier setbacks observed in cancer prevention and therapeutic research.