Medicinal Properties of Fruits for Cancer

Medicinal Properties of Fruits for CancerABSTRACTCancer a sickness with broad(prenominal) morbidity and mortality locate rates is a challenge to human life. The original therapeutic strategies ar associated with untoward set up which necessitates alternate get byment with slight adverse effects. In addition to this pubic louse restrainion is desirable which has chair to a new concept called biochemo ginmill. In this regard, healthful properties of sows can be exploited for crabmeat prevention and instruction as they can be procured terms effectively and atomic number 18 less likely to produce adverse effects as they argon diet derived. This obligate reviews the phytochemicals and evidence ground preventive and therapeutic effects of some comm solitary(prenominal) used plants with healthful properties against pubic louse.Key words Cancer, phytochemicals, healthful properties of plants, biochemoprevention.INTRODUCTIONCancer continues to be a challenge to human life as the disease has naughty morbidity and mortality rates. Though surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain the Gold Standard measures of malignant neoplastic disease therapy they are associated with adverse effects. Despite the recent advances in therapeutic strategies, the basketball team year survival rate of one of the most usually occurring crabby person like oral cancer is as low as 62% with no improvement in the quality of life of the affected individuals1. therefrom a treatment modality with less adverse effects bequeath be of great benefit to the affected patients. Also research in the field of oncology has lead to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis that has revealed that caner is a mostly preventable disease. and so a new concept called biochemoprevention has evolved not only to prevent but also combat the shortcomings of cancer therapy. Chemoprevention or biochemoprevention refers to pharmacologic intervention with synthet ic or natural compounds that may prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis.The use of medicinal plants for the management of several(a) diseases including cancer has been carried divulge several hundred years ago during the period of Charaka, the Father of medicinal drug and Susrutha, the Father of Surgery. With the advent of Modern medicine, traditional medicine has lost its importance. Hence the medicinal properties of plants which are our natural resources must be re- explored to prevent and treat cancer. The advantages of utilizing medicinal properties of plants for cancer prevention and management include easy availability, cost effective and less likely to produce side effects as most of these plants or plant parts are diet derived. This article highlights evidence base preventive and therapeutic effects of some commonly used plants with medicinal properties against cancer.REVIEWNEEMAzadirachta indica commonly cognise as neem in side and Vembu in Tamil is autochthonous to our country and is know for several medicinal properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic. It also finds its use in preparation of cosmetics, tooth brush, fertilizer, and tooth brush. This could be attributed to more than 140 compounds play in variant parts of the plant. tardily research has been carried out to demonstrate the antineoplastic effects of this plant. Ethanolic extract of neem leaves caused both reduction in tumor size of it and decrease in tumor progression even after completion of treatment with neem extract in N methyl N nitrosurea induced mammary tumors in Sprague Drawley rats. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of proapoptotic genes and proteins such(prenominal) as p53, Bcl2 (B prison cubiclephone lymphoma 2), Bax, Caspases, PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homologe), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases) and down regulation of oncogenes such as VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), CDK1 (cyclin dependent kinase 1),Nuclear factor kapp a B (NF kappa B), MAP 1 (mitogen activated protein kinase 1).2Glycoproteins present in neem leaves also exert anti- cancer effects by restricting tumor growth in murine, These proteins alter tumor microenvironment by increasing CD 8 T (cluster of differentiation ) kiosks, protect T booths from Anergy, decrease activation induced T cell death by lessen expression of FAsR. (FAS sense organ) Cytotoxicity of sarcoma cells were caused cod to increase expression of per bodyin, granzyme B in lymphocytes3. These results shed light on the fact that neem extracts posses immunomodulatory effects and so aid in targeted therapy against malignant cells, sparing usual cells. Hence these extracts are less likely to produce side effects.TULASIOscimum holy of holies commonly know as Tulasi in Tamil and Holy basil in English is a sacred plant of Hinduism. The aromatic plant has several medicinal properties and has been used several thousand years ago for the management of various diseases and a ilments like common cold, fever, acne, headache, stress, aphthous ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, ecema. It also has been used as an expectorant for management of cough, antimicrobial promoter in preventing diarrhoea, analgesic for pain management. Other medicinal properties include immunomoduation, hypolipidemic and hepato overprotective. Phytochemical atoms that confer these properties are oleanic battery-acid, urosolic acid, rosmatinic acid, eugenol, carvacol, linalool, beta carophyllene, beta elemene, germaserene. Oscimum sanctum possesses cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. Important phytochemicals such as eugenol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, silosterol, carnosic acid, lutrolen, myrtenal present in tulasi prevent chemical induced cancers of skin, lung, oral cavity, liver by founding of apoptosis, prevention of angiogenesis and metastasis, antioxidant legal action and alteration of genes4. Flavonoids such as ornitine, vicenin, protect normal tissue from th erapeutic radiation and prevent radiation induced mortality in mice. Eugenol, rosmarinic acid and apigenin present in Holy basil prevent radiation induced desoxyribonucleic acid (deoxy ribonucleic acid) damage thereby acting as chemopreventive agent.Tulasi exerts radioprotective effects in oral cancer by causing of import reduction of glutathione in erythrocytes of oral cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy and flavonoids of Oscimum sanctum in comparison with oral cancer patients who received only radiotherapy.5genus Allium VEGETABLESAllium vegetables like onion plant are used as season and seasoning agent for food in many countries6. Interestingly two species of onion viz red onion (Allium cepa) and yellow onion (Allium flavum) possess medicinal properties.Bulb of Allium cepa contains flavonoids such as anthrocyanins and dihydroflavonols7. The sulphur containing active constituent of onion bulb occur mainly in the form of s alkaline cysteine sulfoxides which decompo se into thiosulfinates and polysulfides8. Thiosulfinates are volatile sulphur compounds responsible for the prickly odour and medicinal properties9. Onion exerts chemopreventive application. The ethyl acetate extract of onion has been shown to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines10. It also inhibits fatty acid synthase and lipid accumulation in adipocytes, thereby preventing obesity, one of the predisposing factors for breast cancer11.Yellow onion (Allium flavum) also has antitumour activity Allium flavum extract has significant phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial activity against staph aureus, Bacillius subtilis and antiproliferative activity against HCT cell lines (Homo sapiens colorectal carcinoma cell lines)12.PINEAPPLEAnnamas cosmous or pine apple is a tropical plant of Bromadiaceae family. Edible portion of this plant is the issue which is made of coalesced berries. Pineapple has been used in southernmost America, China, South East Asia for the man agement of various ailments like inflammation, burns as it exerts medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, inhibition of platelet aggregation and skin debridement. In 1957, Bromelain was identified as the active principle present in the idea and unripe fruits of pineapple exerting the above mentioned activities. Bromelain, is a mixture of proteases13. Bromelain alters molecular pathways of carcinogenesis, tumor microenvironment and then could be used as an antitumour agent. Bromelain also exerts anticancer effects by immunomodulation and hemostatic mechasnism14. Pineapple extract in detail 2 mouse skin tumorigenesis clay sculpture cause reduction in tumor size (65%) and volume. Molecular analysis revealed upregulation of p53,Bax,, caspase 3,9 and downregulation of Bcl2, inhibition of COX 2( cyclooxygenase 2), inactivation of NF kappa B ( thermonuclear factor kappa B), MAP(mitogen activated protein linase) kinase, Erk (extracellular-signal-regu lated kinases ) and Akt (protein kinase B)15,16.CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLESBrassica oleracea belongs to the family Brassiaceae which are commonly known as cruciferous vegetables. In uncultivated form it is called as wild cabbage and is native to Europe. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea capita), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), Brocoli (Brassica oleraceaitalica) are some of the varieties of wild cabbage developed by various cultivars. These cruciferous vegetables are a part of diet in many countries including India. Recently research has been carried out to assess the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of these vegetables17. The leaves of Cabbage contain 2 pyrolidinone which has been stray and identified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and tall Performance liquid chromatography. This active constituent induces apoptosis and cell cycles/second arrest in GO/G1 phase in HeLa ( cervical cancer cell line taken from Henrietta Lacks) and BC-3 cell lines (body cavi ty-based lymphoma cell line ), hence possesses antitumor activity.18 Brassica oleracea also contains glucosinoates which on hydrolysis yields isothicyanates that exerts antineoplastic effects. Surforaphane is one such isothiocyanate that causes downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of p53, Bax, Caspase 3 in Hep 2 cell lines ( He La derivative )19. Isothicyanates has chemopreventive effects. These isothiocyanates modulate carcinogen metabolising enzymes, thereby limit formation of reactive intermediates that from DNA adducts. Both intact glucosinolates and isothiocyantes modulate Phase II detoxification enzymes such as Quinone reductases, GST,( Glutathione-S-transferases) EH (Epoxide hydrolase), UGT (Uridine 5-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase). Intact glucosinolates modulate CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes line EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) , MROD (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase). Isothicyanates and glucosinolates like Phenyl isothiocyanates, erucin, sulforaphone are antagonists o f Aryl hydrocarcobon receptor hence aid in cancer prevention17.APPLEApple, the pomaceous fruit of genus Malus domestica tree belongs to the family Rosaceae. Malas sieversi, ancestor of this species is native to the mountains of Central Asia. It is one of the oldest known fruit that prevents lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), thrombosis and stroke. Polyphenols and flavonoids, the phytochemical constituents of apple fruit contract antioxidant properties. The phytochemical components of apple can act as chemopreventive agent due to the antioxidant and antiproliferative property20. Triterpenoids of apple peel possesses antitumor activity. 2R-hydroxy-3-(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2-propenyloxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid and 3-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid , the triterpenoids isolated from apple peel exerts high antitumor activity against HepG2 cell lines. Ursolic acid, 3-transp-coumaroyloxy-2R-h ydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and 2R-hydroxyursolic acid are the terpenoids that has higher antineoplastic activity against MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cancer cells. Terpenoids such as 2R-hydroxy-3-(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2- propenyloxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2R-hydroxyursolic acid, maslinic acid, and 3-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2R-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid has higher anticancer effects against heterogeneoushumanepithelialcolorectal adenocarcinomacells (Caco2) cancer cells. Apple peel extracts exert anticancer effects by causing Go/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreasing expression of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, increasing the levels of the tumor suppressor protein mapsin in human prostrate and breast carcinoma cells21,22.PAPAYACarcia melon tree commonly known as melon tree of the family Caricaceae is cultivated throughout India. Leaves of papaya have been used to treat diseases and aliments like jaundice, asthma, colic, fever, beri beri. Recent studies have demonstrated th at papaya leaf extracts could be used for cancer management. Significant growth restrictive activity of Carica papaya leaf extract on a couple of cell lines including Raji and Ramos (Burkitts lymphoma cell lines) , Jurkat (T cell Lymphoma cell line), HepG2 and Huh-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines), K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line) PC14 (lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HeLa (cervical carcinoma cell line, Panc-1 (pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma cell line), Capan1 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line), ARH77 (plasma cell leukemia cell line), H2452 (mesothelioma cell line) , Karpas-299 (anaplastic large cell lymphoma cell line), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma cell line). Treatment of peripheral pipeline mononuclear cells (PMBC) with the extract caused increased production of antitumour cytokines with no change in viability of the cells. In addition, the peipheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the extract had increased cytotoxic activity against chronic mylogen ous lukemia cell line23. Thus Carcia papaya exterts antitumour activity through grwoth restrictive and immmunomodulatory mechanisms. This property could be attributed to the active constituent carpaine present in papaya leaves. Papaya Leaf also contains a remarkable protein-dissolving enzyme called papain that degrades fibrin that makes up the protective layer of cancer cells, making the cancer cells more susceptible to repellent response or chemotherapy. Studies have revealed that mice immunized with papain possess serum antibodies which cross-react with cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-H-like endopeptidases isolated from B16 melanoma cells along with inhibition of growth rate, invasion and metastasis in B16 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma .Thus the compound hinders tumor growth and prevents it from spreading to other parts of the body24. In addition, papaya leaf has antioxidants like beta-carotene, flavonols, and vitamin C that scavenge free radicals which are responsible for c arcinogenesis, which act as adjuvant for cancer therapy. Papaya cum has been used for the management of worm infestations in the gastrointestinal tract due to its antihelminthic activity. Papaya seeds contain benzyl isothiocyanate which exhibits antineoplastic effects by inhibiting of carcinogen-activating cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and cell cycle progression inducing carcinogen-detoxifying phase 2 enzyme and apoptosis. Higher preoccupation of BITC (benzylisothiocyanate) has a better inhibition rate of cell proliferation on H69 cell, with IC(50) entertain of 6.5 mol/L25.TOMATOLycopersecon ecsculentum or tomato plant plant belongs to the night shade family called Solanaceae. heavy fruit of this plant is red in colour which is classified based on size and shape as slicing or clump tomato, beefsteak, oxheart, plum, pear, cherri, carpari. Lycopene is the chief active constituent having antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular and immunomodulatory effects26. Lycopene is a better singlet oxygen scavenger than other carotenoids. Interestingly tomato leaves has anticancer activity. Extracts of tomato leaves have been shown to exert antineoplastic activity in MCF breast cancer cell lines by causing genetic alterations27. Lycopene promotes cell adhesion by increasing E cadherin expression, reduces cell proliferation by decreasing PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression and confines proliferating cells to the basal and parabasal layer in 4NQQ (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide )induced tongue carcinogenesis model in mice. Thus Lycopene could be used as a chemopreventive agent28. Bifunctional nucelases from tomato RTBN1 also has antitumor activity29.CONCLUSIONAlong with attempts to improve cure rate of cancer, concerted efforts to prevent the disease continuity should be undertaken. This is particularly dependable for the high risk population and high risk individuals. A targeted prevention in high risk individuals with high risk lesion s using agents targeted to reveal molecules in the carcinogenesis process should have an impact in lowering the disease morbidity and mortality. Advances in molecular biology have helped to define these high risk individuals with high risk lesions and novel chemopreventive targets. In this regard targeted improvement using medicinal properties of plants should overcome some of the earlier setbacks observed in cancer prevention and therapeutic research.