The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay

The Effects Of Colonialism On G closinger In opposeity Politics EssayThe join/ entropy divide and sex activity discrimination ar intertwined and influence the lives of wo custody in the northern hemisphere importantly different than that from women who are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere. This paper allow discuss the role of globalisation as a multidimensional dish out and how it affects the deportment of women in harm of frugal, social, and cultural development. globalization has led to violations of womens civil rights because of the heretofore off of the welfare state, the increased p everywherety among women, the role religion plays in fundamentalist societies and in armed conflict. However, it has to a fault caused tremendous opportunities for women to come apart their lives and hereby setting exemplifications to demand equal women rights. Considering the percentage of women in the world universe it is important to register the role of gender equality. Wo men as laborers and their contribution to their communities and national economies have a discernableial impact on globalization. In addition, the emphasis on social justice and democracy as a preferred semipolitical ideology to stimulate globalization makes gender issues an important factor. sexuality inconsistency is caused by our social institutions and organizations who suppress womens social and scotch rights, often unknowingly, by placing insufficient importance on gender as a factor in decision making. Some say that dissimilarity and economic out ontogenesis are coexisting phenomena but it is no argument to allow exploitation and marginalization of selected groups. Neo-liberalist thinking promotes globalization but it besides creates opportunity for avoidance of social responsibility by regimes and multinational corporations. Gender inequality can virtually impressively be influenced by changing the political agenda. A countrys national authorities on legislativ e, judicial and executive policies will stimulate a dialogue that leads to interchange. globalisation newton vs. SouthThe term globalization has no accepted definition and therefore the interpretation depending on who uses the term, can veer from a pure economic perspective to a more than liberal definition in terms of civil development. Adam Smith described in his book the Wealth of Nations, how economical growth leads to change in social behavior and eventually change in public policy. globalization by these delegacy is a process whereby a society acquires economic growth and bring upcap adapted kind-hearted development by means of with(predicate) processes of democratization. However, these processes traditionally do non include gender in negotiation and representation.After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology, institutions that promoted global economies and also the spread of capitalism appeared. The divide surrounded by vitamin E and West b ecame a divide among North and South now base on economic perspectives instead of political doctrines. Globalization is than characterized by free exchange and the virtual removal of b companionships in order to promote exchange of goods, services and capital amid nations. The countries in the northern hemisphere have experient at least unmatched industrial revolution and therefore have the advantage of be able to produce high quality goods and employ more advanced technology in their production methods. Countries in the Southern hemisphere are predominantly agrarian, so for the virtually part feudal societies instead of alter mavens. This observable fact, leave out of industrialisation, is leasely linked to the disadvantages that m twain ontogeny countries experience, to compete with the countries of the certain world. As a result their participation in the globalization process is limited to macrocosm suppliers of raw materials. The Northerners, or develop count ries, use these materials to produce high-end products for the world market including to countries who are the very same raw material supplier. The impediment for developing countries to compete equally is often caused by the backwardness of their economic development based on their biography of colonialism.Imperialism and colonialism theorizedImperialism and colonialism are factors one should consider when analyzing a countries successful participation in the global sparing. non only did these phenomena affected the colonialized countries economies by stripping their re blood lines. Its race experienced a so called identity crisis, because they were non used to their independent status nor had they the understanding of political functions and their relationships. The inequality between developed states and developing states is discussed in the authorities of modernization by Max Weber. there are three theories that are influencing developing countries. The commencement cer emony one, the Dependency scheme is a marxist inspired theory that entails concepts such as Core or Metropolis, (developed states) Periphery or Satellite ( developing states) and semi periphery( industrialise states that are remedy considered developing countries). There is a dependency between the Core and Periphery because of their interaction with individually other. The core provides technology and expertness and the periphery provides the raw materials. The raw materials are offered very cheap, but in return the high end products are sold for a high price, which results in poorer countries facing a constant deficit between their export and import income. The theory learns that core and periphery need all(prenominal) other to exist, but based on this interdependence just about scholars of Stanfords Universities Hoover formations Office of Public Affairs, maintain that globalization is yet some other type of imperialism.Marxist ideology as an inspiration for the Dependen cy Theory, claims that isolation policy provides the solution for acquiring rid of the unequal interdependence between rich and poor countries. Siegel et al claims that using methods such as import substitution strategy result in decline of export industry which is necessary for investing in technology to achieve advanced phases of industrialization. The theory is challenged by the drop of categorizing NICs, or new industrialized countries. An example of an NIC are oil producing countries, but calling them semi peripheral takes them out of the equation in which core and periphery are compared.To deal with crisis of nation building, state building, participation and distribution, (Almond and Powell 1966) comprehension of the Politics of modernization is required. This pro-capitalist perspective assumes that modernization will develop similarly in the North and the South. The second theory as described by Burnell and Randall (p17), Gabriel Almonds semipolitical education Theory, uses a structural model for comparative analysis in which he incorporates input functions (i.e. political socialization, political recruitment, interest articulation and political communication) and output functions (i.e. rulemaking, rule capital punishment and rule adjudication) as a guiding principle for political development. In addition, a stable political sympathies is required to change traditional habits and principles. However, to the contrary, Burnell and Randall ( intro4) claim that developing countries, in their post- colonial phase show disdainful rule, political instability, internal conflict, corruption and politics of religious or ethnic identity. The third theory of modernization, the Globalization Theory focuses on the development of communication, technology and infra anatomical structure leading to global economic integration. According to Burnell and Randall, the Dependency- and Political Development Theory were more concerned with politics and the role of the state, which is completely opposite of the Globalization Theory which mainly focuses on development of global trade, foreign direct investment and global finance. One direct result of this focus is that the nation state loses its autonomy and eliminates one of the most primary functions, bail. Protecting of ones borders, miserliness and inhabitants is a function that is important for very poor countries as their existence is depending on it.The controversy close the modernization theories is that they are based on ethnocentric political perspective. They are promoting an elite group of the haves and/or a capitalist material body. The nonion that globalization can bring everyone involved up to middle class system is ineligible. The free market system does non ferment for all developing countries because of the backwardness of their economy ( Burnell Randall, p3). As it took developed countries centuries to get where they are, the developing countries have to go to many sta ges of development to be able to compete. However, developing countries can not all be categorized in one group and to assume that all countries develop by the same principle is narrow sighted. Although, they do have a history of colonialism in common, their post -colonial development is depending on different factors. The Anglo- Saxon settler countries, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada took over the traditions, rules of police and property and individual rights of the motherland, the United Kingdom. As they kept close ties with their previous occupiers by conducting trade and foreign investments, the transition to a developed nation was flaw little. In other colonies, we see political fragmentation caused by religious and ethnic division in the countries. The economic personnels of imperialism and colonialism are undeniable. The legacy is still noticeable in current world political dynamics and plays a significant role in developing countries ability to develop s uccessful economies and achieve the same standards in civil development and human equality.GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITYGlobalization decreases inequality This is a common assumption for most people, but a couple of(prenominal) know how inequality and economic growth are linked. For the purpose of this paper, we have to look at several(prenominal) forms of inequality as gender inequality is coupled with economic, social, and political inequality. Looking at economic growth in most countries, one can conclude that globalization is good for everyone as most people, even the very poor achieve prosperity. Lall et al., discusses the correlation of this charmpoint with Kuznetss hypothesis in which income inequality rises at the ancestry of the industrialization process but once constituted it decreases again. They observed that increased technology, financial and trade globalization increased inequality, while liberalization of trade and financial markets lowered income inequality. The other outlook claims that prosperity is not shared by the whole nation and that only a small group benefits from economic growth. As a matter of fact, the alleged income inequality does not advance globalization processes as the so called losers whitethorn become a burden on the welfare state. Concurrently, the machinery of globalization is obstructed and not all opportunities are ingested. For example, proceeds are not invested in the industry but in distribution of income. Social inequality refers to fights in class and status. A good example is the cast system in India, based on religion but also on heritage. The ranking of elite groups based on descend is an inequality that is not a result of globalization. However, the status inherited came with special treatment such as educational activity opportunity and predisposition to economic and other business dealings. In the United States, equality of men, particularly the stern man has been legitimized just a few decades ago. Women, especially, the ones that live in fundamentalist religious societies are denied introductory social rights and are clearly victims of social inequality. In many developing countries political inequality becomes evident in traditional expressions of tribal finis, the client-patron relationships, nepotism and the lack of established laws for civil and constitutional rights.GENDER INEQUALITYGender inequality is a current world problem and is found in developed and developing countries. The Worldbank claims that in any region, any state and any social class inequality between men and women exists. A few exceptions to this rule are the Scandinavian countries. The strong democratic political structures of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland and strong women organizations are supposed to be the reason for this transformation in policy making. Gender Equality defined as the difference between men and women and equality in their rights perceived fair based on their biological diffe rences. Traditionally, gender differences and roles between men and women is based on the fact that women are the bearers and reverencegivers of children. Men are physically stronger and therefore, the breadwinners. Each culture has their own interpretations of these gender specific roles, but with globalization socio-economic trends change as well. difference, weather economic, social or political have been researched and play a significant role in economic development, but also in human civil development. Gender inequality is linked to appropriate functioning of our social institutions and organizations. stifling of womens social and economic rights often happens unknowingly because there is insufficient importance placed on gender as a factor in decision making. However, I see patriarchy as the find out factor leading to inequality in womens life.MEASURING GENDER INEQUALITYThe United Nations Human Development Report measures inequality between men and women in countries. This m ethod, GEM or Gender Empowerment Measurement, considers political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and the access to economical resources. Than a calculation of each genders percentile in three areas is studied. The first measurement looks at the percentage of each gender in parliament. The second measurement focuses on the level of the position held, whether it is executive or managerial or staff. The exist measurement, researches the disparity in income. Both percentage data for female and male are paired for each measurement and combined in the EDEP, (Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage). The GEM is than calculated by averaging the EDEPs .Gender equality by regiongender_equality_index.jpgWOMENS ROLE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESSFor the longest time women have not participated in the political process because of several reasons. First of all, women suffrage has not been an option in every country and was not established until the lat e 19th century. Most women in developing countries could not vote until the mid 50s. political science has always been a mans job and until the net breaks to promote womens voices and their right to be heard were build, participating in the political process was impossible. Another obstacle is illiteracy about two thirds of the worlds illiterates are women. Rao and Kelleher studied institutions and organizations that are involved in supporting women. They conclude that organizational structure and culture is the problem to the stagnating trend to policy change. The womens concourse in Beijing in 1995 proved that women are mobilizing and that womens political activism and NGOs are increasing. The stigma that feminism creates has sometimes worked adversely for grass roots women movements and the resistance of a male driven government. Sikoska and Kardam infer in their study that engendering the political agenda is a slow process and requires gender advocacy on a government level. Th ey believe that the focus on getting more women in parliamentarian seats does not warrant that women issues will be addressed. As strange as it might seem gender inequality also exists because of the lack of equality consciousness by both men and women.gender_education1.jpgINCOME AND LABORWomen earn less than men and this phenomenon arises in both developing and developed countries. This inequality has been accepted up to the 20th century as normal. Yet, the difference in pay of man and women is a form of exploitation as the employer can make surplus profit based on the income inequality. Swasti Mitters claims regarding the working circumstances in the technology manufacturing industry in India , confirms my theme that in globalization the primary concern is profit. She says that in order to mobilize the employees to demand unions and healthy work environments their call for to be an opportunity for change, but as employees in this industry are so easily replaced it is hard to g et support. In most developing countries women do not get paid for work on the land or any other domestic duties. They are required to take care of the children, the animals and very often they function as the head of the family. The patrimonial system, with men as the head of the families veto women to own land and therefore, government support for women in the agrarian sector is not available.HEALTH ISSUES schooling is a first requirement for women to stimulate their personal and economic growth. Women who are educated are better in monitoring their families health (mothers make sure children get their vaccines) and providing proper nutrition. Burnell and Randall point out that the pronatalist view of developing states increases inequality as women do not have the ability to make prime(a)s over their bodies in terms of contraception and spontaneous abortion. Many women die in labor and because of the restrictions on emergency contraception, local abortion practices lead to seri ous health issues and sometimes in death. One of the direct results of the government imposed restrictions is overpopulation, which leads to higher poverty and famine.Case studies.Engendering globalization in IndiaIndia , a member of the BRIC countries because of its tremendous economic growth in the past decades is considered an example of successful globalization. The country has the largest population of one billion inhabitants, in the world. It also has one of the highest poverty levels of approximately 350- million people that are living below the poverty line. The overpopulation and illiteracy is one of the main reasons this country is so poverty stricken, with women and children as the main victims. Although the country has experienced an tremendous economic growth, the selectiveness of the industries involved in this development are not providing revenues for all areas. The middle class has experienced exponential function increases in growth and wealth, but this has lead to deeper inequality. With other words, some parts are developing speedily because of the new economic development (the urban areas) and there is the rural part that does not experience any of the growth. Actually, people in the rural areas are getting poorer because of the commercialization of farming. The New Economic Policy of 1991 instigated by the IMF and the World Bank urged for human development but the policy has not been effective and at some cases it worsened inequality. Rekha Pande argues structural adjustment in particular is not gender neutral and that developmental policies affects both men and women. However, she points out that women carry the double burden of poverty and discrimination. She states that women are underpaid compared to men they are not credit worthy to achieve loans and do not have the same access to resources as men and that these factors lead to further inequality. Women in general are not considered land owners even if statistics show that agricult ure employs 85 % of all working women. The commercialization of agriculture caused many women to lose their source of income, as they could not compete with the bigger farms and landowners now hired cash workers instead of leasing their land to the landless women. CQ Researcher describes how the subsistence economy, where most of these women lived off to feed their families and make some income, providing they could sell their surplus, was now taken away and poverty deepened. resettlement to the urban areas is often the only option available for these female farmers. These displaced farmers become hired workers and are being exploited for very low wages, long working hours and no security or social benefits. Globalization does not provide the kind of richness people from the impoverished layer of the population expect. On the contrary, for many, globalization causes insecurity and inequality. Pande claims that women lose their identity and independence by giving up agriculture for a life of marginalization and pauperization.Case study AfghanistanAfghanistan a country in South Central Asia, has a population of 28 million inhabitants consisting out of the Pashtuns, 44 % and Tajiks 25%. The remainder is divided over minorities groups. 60 % of the population is female, which is assumed happened because of the war casualties. The poverty rate is very high, in some areas over 90 %. The credit line by the Soviet Union and decades of civil war with the Mujahideen and the Taliban created an environment of economic and political chaos. They lack all essential resources, to stabilize their government but according to Huma Ahmed-Gosh this is the best period to establish a new economic polity because the country is in transf0rmation. The country had an economic growth of over 10% between 2003 and 2008 and the Afghans believe this growth can be achieved again in the very near rising (World Bank 2008). USAID and the Afghan government are working together to establish econo mic programs that diminish poverty, provides security and stimulate the private sector to do investments and create job opportunities. The agrarian industry is the main source of income for most Afghans. In cooperation with the World Bank a $30 million grant was approved for the Afghanistan clownish Enterprise Development Program to assist farmers in the rural areas. An additional $23 million was pledge by the UK. This pilot program targets 20 different communities and is headed by one male and one female. savings Groups were set up to be educated in finances and provide small loans to members of the communities. Enterprise Groups were established to create community based activities and projects. For the purpose of integration of women in the economical process, this pilot can already be considered successful as after 4 months over 300 groups were established from which half of them by women. Humah-Ahmed Gosh interviewed three Afghani women in Turin at an International Conference for women about the role of their respective womens organizations and their criteria for establishing equal women rights. RAWA, which stands for Revolutionary Association of the Woman in Afghanistan focuses on social justice and human rights for women. HAWCA or add-on Assistance for Women and Children in Afghanistan agenda is to better the lives of women and children through empowerment and support womens function in construct Afghanistan through education. The third organization, The All Afghan Womens Union, is headed by Soraya Parlika. She claims that teaching women skills and creating jobs is the best way to change family law and give women autonomy to eventually work to estebling a democratie. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are the most productive and effective means to change the political climate in Afghanistan. Globalization can change the patrilineal family structure by eliminating womens economic dependency.ConclusionGlobalization and gender inequality are closel y intertwined with each other. My studies of the subjects taught me that a thriving globalization process is dependent on many factors and there is significant variations in how each individual country s development is affected by these factors. First of all, the divide between North and South or rich and poor if you will, has an intricate influence on the ability of nations to fully exhaust the opportunities of globalization. That the Northerners had an advantage in the globalization race because of their role in imperialism is a fact. These nations already had gone through various stages of industrialization and achieved a higher level of civilization, resulting in higher educated employees and advanced industrialization technologies. In addition, their wealth opened opportunities for fast capital investments with tremendous gain. Most of the worlds multinational corporations were founded in the North, and that is where the loot are disbursed. The settler colonies are an exceptio n to the rule as they were able to develop thriving economies in their post- colonial phase. Burnell and Randall analyze this phenomenon as being part of the dichotomy of the colonial elite which makes me think that Orientalism plays a significant role in the interaction between countries of the North and the South.. The role of patriarchy is rooted in society and is one of the main evils causing inequality for women. In the developed world women experience less gender inequality in the form of opportunity but more in the form of outcome.Secondly, as I mentioned processes of democratization are a vital requirement for a countrys economic growth and sustainable development. Democracy as an ideology, develops in different forms and previous colonies did not always develop into a democracy, mainly because of their pluralistic nature. However, globalization did develop in some countries with an authoritarian regime. This happened because of their resources. Good examples are the oil pro ducing countries. In view of that, one can infer that the theories of modernization are incomplete. Some reasons are that they are eurocentric, anachronistic, uni-linear and the tactual sensation that politics in developing countries are made by domestic forces. The politics in developing countries are driven by the relationship between the state and society and depends on aspects such as finance, economy and technology. I think that countries, better said political leaders and heads of multinational corporations, are thinking(prenominal) actors and that choices made are based on opportunities for personal gain and economic benefits.Women work hard in the development world and with globalization their numbers are increasing. Multinational corporations have transferred their manufacturing activities to developing countries because of their human capital. Globalization as a process should not have a negative effect on women in the developed world if it uses democratic processes and pursues rising the human standards of living. The controversy however, is that free trade and openness of the economic markets is not monitored by states. Transnational corporations have only one goal and that is making profits. In the developed countries regulations were in place to prevent exploitation of the factory workers through trade unions and labor laws. As most developing countries have not experienced an industrial revolution on their own, the process is expedited and some all important(p) steps of labor development are bypassed. Lack of education and poverty are the drivers for many women to sustain the treatment experienced in their work environments. Changing the politics and mentality is a slow process and NGOs promoting the welfare of women gain only small victories. The nation state should take control by using their sovereignty and demand changes when it comes to abuse of their inhabitants. The dominance of the richer states undermines this right, but it is appare nt that countries like India and China are being listened to. Once a standard is set it can easily be globalized as a standard for all countries. I used India as an example in a case study because of my hypothesis. My choice was lead by factors such as the level of successfulness of this countries globalization, but also the adverse effect of globalization on the female population, resulting in gender inequality. Afghanistan on the other hand is an example, from which I believe that globalization can effect gender inequality positively. As shown by the humanitarian aid projects, whereby womens involvement is strong, interference by fundamentalist religion diminished. As discussed by Osborne and Gaebler, governments should steer not row. The conflict needs policies to resolve gender inequalities on a global scale as the diversity among people and the differences in cultures and tradition ask for different measures in each country. Therefore a global effort is undeniable by cooperati on of the nation states.I researched India as an example because it fits my hypothesis that globalization can cause more inequality for women.With other dominance of the richer countries, their MNCs, foreign investmSecondlyents and transfer of resources has undermined the role of India as a nation state.ORIENTALISM AND racial DOCTRINESj*Empowerment thru collective action instead of cultureWomen who are involved in subsistence economies and do not partake in the industrialization process.Globalization in Developing countriceskGlobalization in fundamentalist societiesInequality as a tool Traditionally, men monopolize politics andOrganisationsThe role of DemocratieEngendering local and national politicsReferencesHoover Institution globalization versus imperialism Hoover Report February 11, 2002 Hoover Daily Report, produced by the Hoover Institution Office of Public AffairsFlorence Jaumotte, Subir Lall,and Chris Papageorgiou Rising Income Inequality Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?

Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work

Cultural Differences in Shakespe atomic f ar 18s WorkShakespeare in Perfor whilece This essay will explore the cultural difference of two Shakespeare, Othello perfor servicemances. The two performances used are Stuart Burges 1965 adaptation and Oliver Parkers 1995 version.William Shakespeare was born in 1564 the son of John Shakespeare a g savour mendr, and Mary Arden the daughter of a farmer. Within the Elizabethan class system Shakespeare wouldnt have be destined for great things as he wasnt born into a signifi bungholetly wealthy family. It is possible that Shakespeare was brought up as Catholic Romeo and Juliet is a Catholic mash. Shakespeare attended grammar school In Stratford his education would have been very intense in wording, Latin, Greek and by chance modern nomenclature like French, his schooling would have also been heavily religious. Shakespeare would have been expected to leave school and go into law grammar schools trained for professionals. Shakespeare didnt continue his education at university and age 18 conjoin Anne Hathaway and lived a quiet life having his first child, Susanna in 1583 then twins Judith and Hamnet in 1585. Historical accounts of Shakespeare in the first seven days of his childrens lives are classed as lost years, ascribable to there macrocosm no reliable accounts in this design. It wasnt until the late 1590s that Shakespeare was writing picnics although in them dates writers would write on a lower floor a insincere name so critics couldnt dismiss their work. By around 1591, 1592 Shakespeare had written 57 plays in the space 20 years this is a colossal amount especially as a play writer in the Elizabethan period. Shakespeare died on the 23rd April 1616 the like day as his birthday.The importance of SettingThe plot Othello is interpreted from an Italian story Un Captitano Moro some critics believe, written in 1565 by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio, the story nearly a Moresque general deceived into believi ng his married woman is being unfaithful. Shakespeare added important characters to the story Iago, Roderigo, Desdemonas pay back and Brabantio, Shakespeare implies the action of the play runs foreverywhere some course of metre although it could be perceived as being toughened all over a period of a few geezerhood. Shakespeare also developed the complex villain Iago compared to the minor genius in the archetype.Shakespeares audience would have believed in The Great Chain of Being, that determined the natural order of events. God being the top of the hierarchical chain, Shakespeare used the Great Chain of Being as a concept to idiom the tragedy in Othello and struggle with recognise and Desdemona and Iagos jealous lovingness.Othello, the Moor of Venice scholars believe was written in the period of 1601-1604, Queen Elizabeth had died in 1603, people worried what would become of governess since Elizabeths death a lot of the fear is portrayed finished Shakespeares plays o f successful succession and governance. The Protestant Church of England was created by Henry, Elizabeths father there was concerns that the religion superpower fail after Elizabeths death in a Catholic came to power, and a foreigner to rule.Although the title implies Othello occurred in Venice it took place in Cyprus, having said that Shakespeares stage directions are very basic and minimal so conductors that produce Shakespeares pieces can decide where the plot is set. In the period when Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice was a commonwealth that thrived on multiculturalism, it was major for transnational trade, Venice had colonial power also respectful of different cultures and religions. Venice was a charming, safe, peaceful location.Cyprus when Shakespeare was in school was under power by the Ottoman Turks, Cyprus was the home of wine and prostitutes full of deception and death. Geographically located betwixt the Middle East, Europe, Mediterranean and Northern Africa the reli gion is Christian and Muslim, a prime place for religious and racial violence.Although critics believe Othello was adapted by Hecatommithi, the time period that Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice would have been a highly important avocation link between the East and Europe. Venice would have been sending ambassadors from Venice and the East to Elizabethan England Shakespeare may have examine theses exotic strangers. Venice and Turkey during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would have been at wars thus Othello being the general of the Venetian war. Shakespeare cageyly adapted a plot contact the issues of the day and explored a twist on race, jealousy and deceit.During the Elizabethan period, black people were non regarded as slaves, in 1601 Queen Elizabeth granted the diplomatic rights which allowed deportation, due to fears of overpopulation. Although the salve trade was not established during this time, the black race was considered inferior. Othello is a revolutionary cult ural work, as the Moor Othello is portrayed as a civilized noble Christian who was wrongly deceived forced audiences to conceive the racial status during the early 1sixth century. Moor was a term used by the Elizabethans referring to Muslim Arabs or North Africa who had conquered Spain in the eighth century. Moors were Elizabethans believed, sinful, animalistic and murderous. It is interesting that Shakespeare represents Othello as the wrongly deceived victim, and Iago the Caucasian the characteristic More stereotype.OthelloThe tragedy of Othello, the Moor Whom Is general of Venice, promotes his lieutenant Cassio, leaving Iago enraged with jealousy. Othello fell in love and married Desdemona daughter of Brabantio, the Venetian senator. Iago uses Desdemona and Othellos love as a tactic in his revenge. Iago manipulates Othello into thinking his wife is having an affair with Cassio, Othello outraged carry offs Desdemona before killing himself the story concludes with Iagos unmasking and execution.Stuart Burges 1965 Othello Laurence OlivierThe first English phrase strike of the play Othello was released in December 1965 by director Burge, Burge was born in Brentwood Essex in January 1918 and died in 2002. Burge was the director of the Nottingham Playhouse between 1968-74 then went onto be artistic director at the Royal Court dramatic art in over the period of 1977-80. This is the only Shakespeare adaptation that all leading actors were nominated for Oscars. The motion-picture show was intimately exactly the same as stage production the release did not hold in use of medication of exit music. Burges version of was the first English Othello shot in colour it had precedingly been done in Russian. This was the first of Shakespeares fender text created into a full length British feature. Lawrence Olivier played Othello and acted in blackface, critics over the years have argued the origins of Othello being black or Arab. Othello has been played by albumen a nd to a greater extent of late black actors, Laurence Oliviers version was performed in blackface. Olivier went into detail of his black face performance in his autobiography sorry all over my body, Max Factor 2880, then a lighter brown, then Negro number 2, a stronger brown. Brown on black to give a rich mahogany. Then the great finesse that glorious half yard of chiffon with which I polished myself all over until I shone the lips blueberry, the tight kink wig, the white of the eyes, whiter than ever, and the black, black sheen that covered my flesh and bones, glistening in the dressing room lights. (L. Olivier 1965)In Oliviers autobiography Olivier, Laurence. Confessions of an Actor, Olivier proclaims in his and the directors read/write heads the blackface wasnt done in a minstrelsy way it was done as costume to make him up as African with innocent intentions of playing Othello.The text Othello is not completely clear on Othellos race, subsequently because Shakespeare would n ot have been completed educated about the people that lived in North Africa. In 1966 the civil rights movement was at its highest in the States racist discrimination and stereotypes were challenged the aesthetic of the Oliviers blackface was out of date stamp and political incorrect. Although in Europe, the civil rights movement wasnt as big as America with the last white actor blackface Othello taking place in 1990 by Michael Gambon. The New York Times published an article about Oliviers performance that statedOutrageous impression of a theatrical Negro stereotype, Olivier an end man in an American minstrel show. (the New York times, Bosley Crowther)Burges adaptation of Othello definitely brings the issue of race to the forefront, most of the racial language is present as in the 1604 veritable text thicklips, being the first derogatory offensive language aimed at OthelloAct one, Scene one. Venice. A street.Roderigo What a full fortune does the thicklips owe if he can carryt thusR eferences made by Othello regarding his race are interpreted as intended by Shakespeare, delivered with interrogationAct three, Scene three. The garden of the castleOthello Haply, for I am black. Intending that because he is black, he is not as sophisticated as other people. Burge directed Olivier as a stereotypical African, exaggerated gesture and accent with his costumes ethnic and predominantly barefoot, with a rosary necklace.Burges performance has been regarded by critics as the greatest performance of the twentieth century. (Peter Rainer) and was nominated for four Oscars, winning one.Olivier is the first of the great twentieth-century British actors who has created a brilliantly original definition of Othello (Oliviers) Othello is a man of gigantic stature precisely he is not a man of titanic thought and by no spuriouss is he umo univerale, a man of many sided character, typical of the Renaissance. This Othello came into the humanness from a less civilised society. He Is very close to nature, to the earth. He has had no time to steep the culture of the new world surrounding him. With all its glitter, this world is in fact trivial and mean Othellos simple soul makes him vulnerable to the pretty contrivances of the environment. A civilization that is false and untrue kills the simple-minded man this is what Olivier the actor shows us. (in Tynan, Othello. case Theatre Production, 108).Every modern, white actor, takin on Othello, feels obliged to explain wherefore hes not playing him black, which was surely Shakespeares intention, when the unspoken reason is that to black up is as disgusting these days as a nigger minstrel show. (Laurence Olivier, 1986)Each generation can use pieces of Shakespeares texts his writings are timeless, an Author who makes plays relatable to different generations thus why Othello has been adapted countless times since 1601, in some adaptations of Othello the play is portrayed mostly on the jealous and devious theme. Burge s approach to play directions however have been deemed as a play about race.A film version of the 1965 production released on DVD by Warner main office Video in 2007. Oliviers blackface performance makes this film adaptation a difficult object of study, but since it makes Othello a play about race in a way so disturbing for postmodern sensibilities, it is a valuable tool for exploring racial difference as a theme. And especially for considering the plays particular ring with contemporary racial politics. (R, C. EvansIn an article by the New York Times published February, 1966 reporter Bosley Crowther describes how America portrayed Oliviers performanceSeeing as how the drama critics in England were unstinting in their praise of the succulent stage production of Othello in which Sir Laurence Olivier played with the National Theatre of Great Britain a couple of years ago, it may seem rude of an American film critic to voice some startled expectations to the effort picture made of the play by a British company. One bold and singular face of this production immediately impels the sensitive American viewer into a baffled and discomfited attitude. This is the radical make up Sir Laurence has chosen to use in his powerful and cacoethesate characterization of the jealous Moor. He plays Othello in blackface Thats right, blackface not the dark-brown stain that even the most daring white actors do not immediately wish to go beyond. Whats more, he caps his shiny blackface with a wig of kinky black hair and he has the insides of his lips smeared and thickened with a startling raspberry red. Several times, in his rages or reflections, he rolls his eyes up into his head so that the whites gleam like small mil agates out of the inky face. (B. Crowther 1966)Burges adaptation of Othello is all the way one that caused a stir, with the controversial blackface. The period in which Burge adapted the version the culture was changing surrounding racism, racist terms and what is politically correct.Professor Tony Howard University of Warwick believes for Olivier race wasnt an issue, race was an interesting factor in the play and he chose to make it paramount. The result of that was that I know some black actors that saw the play and were sicken by his imitation of stereotypical behaviour, and I know other black actors who saw the play and were divine to become Shakespearian actors because of the sheer admiration for what he did. (T. Howard 2013).Oliver Parkers 1995 Othello, Laurence FishburneOliver Parker an English film director born 6th September 1960, directed Othello played by a black actor Laurence Fishburne classed as not an noncitizen in this version as the actor is of African descent. Having said that the racial tensions and most of the racial language still applies in the film. Fishburne, plays a more confidant, cocky Othello in this version he also wears the same costumes as most of the cast, with earings in his ears he blends in well with t he rest of the cast unlike in Oliviers version. The choice of music and camera shots sets the racial tension in a different way than previous adaptations with the use of drums during the consummation of Othello and Desdemona also during the Cyprus celebration. The film doesnt generally focus on Othellos race but more so on the tragedy of the story and Iagos jealousy.Parkers adaptation is more satisfying as a film rather than Shakespearian text, the original text is very heavily cut with many original rhythms not included.The plot and characters remains the same as the original text and Burges, parker sets the film within the same time period and location as the two explored. Parkers version is however modernised and update some areas of the film, parker has changed the reading material of Iagos character slightly also cutting much of the original text. Parkers use of Othellos dreams allow the audience glide path into Othellos agony over his suspected wifes adultery, this opened t he door to the audience in a new light, something that the original monologue and Burge was unable to achieve.The issue of Race in Parkers version is watered down and limelights the character of Iago and his abhorrence plan. Iagos direct camera soliloquies, via direct camera shots portrays his devious intentions, Iagos true nature is heightened in Parkers adaptation through and through this technique compare to Burge and the original text.In Act one, Scene three Iago shouts to Roderigo to put money and love into his purse Iago is trying to deceive Roderigo into giving him money so Iago will make Desdemona fall in love with Roderigo. When Iago leaves this scene, the camera zooms in on Iagos face to music building up that creates tension, Iago then recites this original quote from the textAct one, scene threeIagoThus, do I ever make my marking my purseFor I mine own gaind knowledge should profane,If I would time expend with such a snipe.But for my sport and profit. I hate the MoorAn d it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheetsHe has done my office I know not ift be trueBut, I for more suspicious in that kind,Will do as if for surety. He holds me wellThe better shall my purpose work on him.Cassios a proper man let me see nowTo get his place and to plume up my willIn bifurcate knavery-how, how? Lets see After some time, to abuse Othellos earThat he is too familiar with his wife.He hath a person and a smooth disposeTo be suspected, framed to make women false.The moor is of a let loose and open nature,That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,And will as tenderly be led by the noseAs asses are.I havet. it is endgenderd. hell, and nightMust brin this monstrous birth to the worlds light.During the patois by Roderigo, Parkers gives the audience a subsequent plot for throughout the play as to why Iago wants to kill Othello. Parker directs Iago to look straight into the camera whilst declaring his hatred for Othello this breaks the forth wall including the audien ce on the whole experience. Iago speaks in a hushed monotone to music playing in the background thus adding theatrical drama, the camera then pans down to a chessboard. Iago places a white queen, black king and a white gymnastic horse on the board parker does this to replicate Desdemona, Othello and Cassio. The colour of the chess pieces also play a very clever crucial part in the film highlighting the racial but also the use of a chess board highlights the manipulation and game playing from Iago.Parker directs Fishburne to play overtly sexual compared with the Burge version and original text. Parkers directions continues shows Desdemona and Othello in bed together in a number of scenes to modernize the version to appeal to a different audience. Parker has Othellos dreams filled with adultery presented with Desdemona in bed naked with Cassio, in the Burge version the characters are a lot more innocent.Othellos visual image of Desdemona and Cassio, allows for his fear to come alive with the help of Iagos manipulation Othello remembers what Desdemonas father said to himAct one, Scene 3 A Council-Chamber.BrabantioLook to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to seeShe has deceived her father, and may thee.This line is continuously played in Othellos head throughout the film, giving Othello confirmation that the affair to very as Desdemona is deceiving him just as she did her father.Once you get to Act three, Scene three, its like being caught up in a huge surf. You are pounded by experiences and overwhelming feelings that oscillate violently. Sometimes within one sentence I go from passion and adoration to the most extreme expressions of loathing and self-hatred Ive ever had to try to get close to. (Laurence Fishburne, 1996)There are a few predominant themes that flow through both versions of Othello and the original textLove, passion, jealousy, betrayal along with reputation and honour.love being the force that outstrip a large obstacle in the marriage of Othello and Desdemona, although Othello loves Desdemona he gives her his heart he doesnt give her his mind and he doesnt trust her, he is deep down insecure. Their love was tragically lost by the passion of Iago and his jealousy love to Iago is leverage, he declared his love to his friends but does the ultimate betrayal. The love between Cassio and Desdemona that is misinterpreted. madness comes from Othello and Desdemona two lovers that political looked down on for the marriage but still going ahead with their passion anyway. Jealousy is a trait that is both in Othello and strongly Iago.Multiculturalism, Religious Suspicion and Racism.The Venetian Republic was known as a culturally tolerant society, that welcomes cultural traditions, however Othello and the merchant of Venice being set in Venice, portrays jealousy, race and xenophobia. Shakespeares Othello predates the slave trade and biological classification. Othello being a Moor in Shakespeares time could relate to someone from the Middle East or Spain not necessarily Africa.Reference ListOthello. (1965) film. order by Stuart Barge. GB British Home Entertainment. filmOthello. (1995) Directed by Olive Parker. GB Warner Home video. DVDColin, Phillip C. and Kuhn, Francis X. (2002) Othello New Critical Essays Brockport Bookshelf. Book 218.Othello A Critical Reader Robert. C. Evans Bloomsbury Publishing (2015)(T. Howard 2013) Othello at the National Theatre www.nationaltheatre.org

Criminal Law on Omission | Summary

Criminal pr symbolizeice of law on Omission abridgmentThe general position in criminal law is that a some superstar cannot be held to be liable for failing to comprise, unlike someone who by choice acts. This position is stated by May LJ in R v Miller 1 as unless a duty has been specified by statute or the common law imposes a duty to act in a certain way, then a mere failure to act with nothing more cannot make the somebody who fails to do something nefarious of a criminal offence. However, there are particular categories where liability for an excision can accrue, which leave be discussed below, together with various legal faculty appendage views either for or against the imposition of a broader pee of liability for omissions.Examples of statutes containing equipment casualty which provide that a person is discredited if a consequence occurs for either an act or an omission include section 85 of the weewee Resources Act 1991, which states that a person is guilty if he causes or wittingly permits a poisonous or noxious substance to enter controlled waters. The Law Commission in its Draft Criminal Code of 1989 states that death caused by such an offence can be caused by an omission 2. In common law, certain obligations stupefy lead to statutory enactments. An example is R v Gibbins and Proctor 3, in which a man and his cohabiting partner measuredly withheld food from the child for whom they had responsibility for, and were held guilty of murder 4. The trial examine found that the couple did so with the wilful and deliberate intention to give and cause her grievous injury 5. uch cases cast off led to section 1 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, the definition of which includes neglect and abandonment as intumesce as assault and ill-treatment for a person with custody or care of the child (wider than just natural parents) to be found guilty of a misdemeanour. The qualification of this rule is where the parents or carers take appropr iate carry out to avoid this duty, such as putting into children into foster care.The first substantial category to consider involves duties arising from a contractual duty. Examples include R v Haines 6, where the ground bailiff failed to ensure proper ventilation of the mine, and the court held that is a person was killed as a result of this failure, he could be held guilty of manslaughter by omission. The test was whether a person using reasonable diligence would lose carried out his duty. ethnic Policies for Canada Film and ikonCultural Policies for Canada Film and VideoCanadian cultural policyIntroductionCultural policy is an act through which a federal governing body takes measures to encourage or concur activities in areas distinct as cultural. Culture is a wide phenomenon that is associated with extensive concepts that include art, law, morals and former(a) capabilities and habits that man has embraced as a member or as part of the society (Jackson Lemieux, 1999, p, 1). Communication excessively referred to as a mass culture f alones under the wide philosophy of culture because mass communication is the latest trend in the modernistic society (Marsh Harvey, 2006, p, 1). This report will analyze overview of Canadian cultural policies and the coarses postulate and video cultural policies. More so, the report will outline whether or not the applied dart and cultural policies have yielded the needed effects and the alternative measures as recommendations.Overview of Canadian cultural policiesHistorically, Canadian cultural policies emerged from the overpowering presence of the United States (Jackson Lemieux, 1999, p, 1). Canada demographically b collections United States thus, explaining the reason for the square up that brought in foreign culture and Canadian second language (Marsh Harvey, 2006, p, 1). introductory to culture and language influence, Canadian cultural marketplace is also sick of(p) because the Canadians are ardent cons umers of American language and culture (Foote, 2011, p, 1). The most germinate cultural market is mass communication, where products like books and enters available and sold in Canada are produced outside the country for foreign markets thus, the revenues collected from such sales flow outside Canada (Marsh Harvey, 2006, p, 1). Statistical survey cl grows that foreign firms account for 46% of domestic book sales, 84% in sound recording pains, 81% magazines edited in English language and 98% of Canadian sift time through movie theatres (Marsh Harvey, 2006, p, 1). With such inversion from foreign products, Canadian producers have an extremely limited access to their own market (Jackson Lemieux, 1999, p, 1). This trust of open border democracy has become a big argufy for Canada in terms of developing its own heritage, art and cultural industries.Canadian mental picture and video policyIn order to curb the s fear(prenominal) inversion of the film and production diligence, th e Canadian government has implemented policies with the aid of agencies that looks forward to protect and enhance its film and production industry (Vallerand, 2013, P, 10). Among the study government agencies is the Department of Canadian Heritage, which oversees the federal audiovisual policy and weapons platform activities (Jackson Lemieux, 1999, p, 1). The heritage department ensures that there is a balanced supply mountain range from inventor to the citizen with an aim of enhancing availability and accessibility of mass products like films to all Canadians audiences. More so, this department takes positive approaches to technological change in order to gain the presented benefits offered by technological plan of attackment (Vallerand, 2013, P, 10). Additionally, the department develops and expands global markets with an aim of sharing Canadian endowment fund and culture with the entire world.The other study step utilized by the Canadian film and video industry is estab lishing the Canada feature film fund that aims at raising over $97 million between 2010 and 2011 respectively (Vallerand, 2013, P, 12). The objective of this funding is to increase the digit of Canadian audiences in theatres for Canadian feature films. More so, the program looks forward to survive productions in diverse varieties as healthful as support established corporations and upcoming talent and above all, create audiences for Canadian productions two globally and within Canada.Prior to the department of Canadian heritage, other government agencies contribute in different areas in support of Canadian film and visual industry. Among these agencies is the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) (Vallerand, 2013, P, 12). This government agency caters for blow% of the production cost and provides mentorship and technical assistance through Filmmaker domiciliate Programs for both the already established and emerging independent filmmakers. Therefore, this agency supports the indu stry financially and practically by ensuring that the created films are inventive in form and content.On the other hand, Canadian Audio Visual Certification authorization (CAVCO) and the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) are two agencies whose major objectives are to demonstrate the eligibility of film production companies as well as taxing them (Vallerand, 2013, P, 13). Canadas Policy on Audiovisual Treaty Coproduction is another agency that aims at encouraging both foreign and Canadian producers. The reason behind the rise is to pool producers creativity, technical ability and financial resources in order to consent to them acquire domestic status in their respective countries (Vallerand, 2013, P, 14). With the help of this agency, Canada has soon signed 53 such joint treaties. In addition, Canada has produced approximately 700 film and television programs that granted a total budget production of $4.9 one thousand thousand (Globerman, 1991, p, 1). Additionally, the National Film Board of Canada is an additional agency responsible for producing and distributing social-issue documentaries and other digital content that provide the world with an exclusive Canadian perspective. On another note, Telefilm Canada is an agency that governs Canada Feature Film Fund as well as marketing and promoting the audiovisual industry and the Canadian feature film. Lastly, the Canadian radio television and telecommunications commission (CRTC) aids in supervising and ordinance the Canadian broadcasting and telecommunications systems that currently exceed over 2000 broadcasters (Vallerand, 2013, P, 14)The presence of the same government and independent agencies in Canada has greatly aided in enhancing the film and video industry in vast ways. Moreover, the policies and regulations that these agencies inflict has ensured that Canada have had the capability to produce and sell its films both within Canada and globally (Jackson Lemieux, 1999, p, 1). These policies have also ens ured foreign content do not invade and dominate the Canadian market. Irrespective of the positive outcomes exhibited by agencies and their policies, the Canadian film and video industry seem to lag behind in terms of popularity in the global film market (Globerman, 1991, p, 1). With the presence and influence of the neighboring United States, one would expect Canadian film industry to be among the renowned film producers. However, this is not the case because the Canadian film industry still exhibits numerous challenges that will need comprehensive review in terms of talent and foreign market invention (Globerman, 1991, p, 1).This could be the needed intervention because Canada posses the essential equipments and financial resources (Foote, 2011, p, 1).Therefore, Canadian film and video policies are effective and they have positively affected the entire industry. Nevertheless, the concerned parties from the industry should cultivate other means that include collaboration with Holly wood counterparts in order to advance its industry towards the needed limelight (Globerman, 1991, p, 1).ReferencesFoote, J. (2011). Historical Perspective Cultural Policies and Instruments. Compendium, Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe.Globerman, S. (1991). Foreign Ownership of Feature Film Distribution and the Canadian Film Industry. Simon Fraser University. Canadian Journal of Communication, 16(2).Jackson, J. Lemieux, R. (1999). The Arts and Canadas Cultural Policy. parliament of Canada, Political and Social Affairs Division.Marsh, J. Harvey, J. (2006). Cultural Policy. The Canadian Encyclopedia.Vallerand, C. (2013). Coalition for Diversity. Canadian Coalition for Cultural Diversity.

Total Quality Management in Healthcare Environment

Total superior Management in healthc ar EnvironmentEVALUATING HEALTH IMPROVEMENT (UNIT FIVE) BY AKINADE TOYESEIn this publisher we will discuss how to cultivate wide-cut choice guidance and stimulate a culture of on-going improvement with focus on a worldly concern wellness shaping. We will also identify ways to incentivize employee put to deathance and estimate incentives in ground of motivational incumbranceiveness.BRIEF SUMMARY OF A exoteric HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA AND THE POPULATION IT SERVESThe University College Hospital Ibadan is a humankind health musical arrangement which was established in November 1952 by parliament hazard to respond to the information need of medical personnel and former(a) health c are professionals in Nigeria and other West Afri advise Sub-Region (UCH, 2015). Her vision is to be the flagship tertiary health care institution in the West Africa sub-region, which offers world-class research, training and services, and first choi ce for seeking specialist health care (UCH, 2015).Although the infirmary is primarily a tertiary institution, it has appendages of community-based outreach activities in six cities where it provides special and pitifuler-ranking healthcare services. It has fifty-six service and clinical departments and runs ninety-six consultative out- patient role clinics a week in fifty specialty and sub-specialty disciplines. There are also special treatment clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and the people living with HIV/AIDS (UCH, 2015).However, because of the breakdown and poor state of unproblematic health care facilities in the region (UCH, 2015) the hospital still caters for lashings of primary and secondary healthcare burden. The number of patients in the accident and mite of the hospital averages six c thousand annually, and about ace hundred and fifty thousand new patients attend the various out-patient clinics annually. The institution enjoys a full patr onage of both national and international clientele collectible to its manpower, facilities, and track records.STEPS TO TAKE TO CULTIVATE TOTAL QUALITY counsel AND DEVELOP A CULTURE OF ONGOING IMPROVEMENT.wellness heraldic bearing Systems throughout the world are undergoing signifi potentiometert changes. These changes are due to acknowledgment of every medical errors or system errors (Ruiz and Simon 2004).Other factors responsible for these changes imply statutory obligation for attribute management (Moeller et al. 2000), the sophistication of medical care and increase costs of health care (Ramanathan, 2005).Total quality management seeks to constrain a culture whereby all employees are continually examining and improving the organization of their construct with a view to satisfying customer requirements (Goodwin et al., 2006). This is especially precise for health institution in that better health is the raison dtre of a health system, and unquestionably its primary or def ining goal (WHO, 2000). Joiner and Scholtes (1985) discussed total quality management under three key components the client as the defining factor in determining quality, the team pull in as a representation to unifying goals and a scientific approach to decision-making based on selective information collection and analysis.Further much, quality strand idea can be employ to cultivate total quality management. According to Morgan (1994) quality chain is describe as chain of suppliers and customers. Goodwin et al. (2006) examined the health of the quality chain in quaternion discrete stagesInspection Usually an after-the-fact screening act upon to survey the quality and conformity of services or products produced.Quality control Monitoring the process of service delivery at each stage in the chain in order to eliminate the causes of unsatisfactory performance.Quality Assurance assessment of the systems quality and the steps taken to improve quality.Total quality management The application of quality management principles at every level of the organization. This fair will necessitate a change in behavior amongst provide to commit to the quality management agenda.Finally, it is recognized that several elements need to be in place to help such organizations move in the complaint of improving the quality of care on a systematic basis. These include the avail susceptibility of training for the staffs, the development of teamwork among the staff, the development of a structure to donjon quality improvement, and a set of standard measurable targets through which to assess change (Goodwin et al., 2006).WAYS TO INCENTIVIZE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATE MOTIVATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF INCENTIVES fillips for the employee are to motivate the employee to perform better and have long lasting effect on their performance. If you get what you be for, then it presumably follows that one should acquit for what one ultimately wants (Cutler 2005).If a health programs primary objective is good patient or population health outcomes, it would seem natural for performance incentives to reward good health or health improvement directly rather than the use of health services or other health introduces. Rewarding health outcomes rather than health input use not only creates strong incentives for providers to exert effort, but it can also create incentives for providers to innovate in developing new, context-appropriate delivery strategies (Grant and Kimberly, 2013 4).Incentive can be monetary or non-monetary (Asaad Assaf, 2011). The monetary incentive can be performance-related commit such as the increment in salary, bonuses, and other financial benefits such as housing allowance or health care compensation. Non-monetary incentives include words of appreciation, thank you letter, nomination of department employee of the month, send an employee to a conference, flexible work hour (Asaad Assaf, 2011). Meanwhile, the extent to which staffs can enrol in decision-making and how much support they come from their managers also motivate the employee to perform better (Goodwin et al., 2006).Nevertheless, there is a need for a public health organization to adopt a method for motivating and rewarding its staffs. Performance-related pay is one approach to using pay to provide an incentive to individuals to work more(prenominal) effectively to meet organizational goals, both in terms of quality and efficiency (Goodwin et al., 2006).Performance-related pay can be seen as one approach to using pay to provide an incentive to individuals to work more effectively to meet organizational goals, both in terms of quality and efficiency (Goodwin et al., 2006). It wont be encouraging if two persons receive the same pay when one is performing much better than the other. When there is a performance-related pay incentive for a hardworking staff or a job well-done, it will motivate the staff to do more for the improvement of the organization and al so encourage the other staff to be effective and hard working in other to meet the organization goals.In conclusion, Goodwin et al. (2006) had explained that the experience with PRP is mixed and its transfer to the health sector has been associated with a range of problemsTension is often created in providing performance-related incentives to individuals, since this can preclude their ability to work towards wider organizational objectives.In health care, team contribution prevails all over the contribution of individual members of staff.The power of professional organizations enables them to resist management initiatives.The confidence relationship between health care professionals and patients can exclude and mischief employers.Employers try to retain insiders rather than recruit outsiders, even if they have to pay more.However, if PPR is applied to the right organization or system-wide needs, it may enable individuals to work more for the benefit of the organization.References Armstrong, M. H. Murlis, (1994) Reward Management A Handbook of requital Strategy and Practice, London Kogan PageAsaad, A., F.A. Assaf, (2011) Incentive for Better performance in Health Care, Sultan Qaboos, University Medical Journal, 11 (2) pp 201-206, Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121024/, (accessed 04/04/2015)Cutler, D., (2005) Your Money or Your Life Strong Medicine for Americas Health Care System,USA Oxford University Press.Goodwin, N., G. Reinhold, V. Iles, (2006) Managing Health Services, Understanding Public Health Series, Maidenhead Open University Press pp. 143-152Grant M., S. B. Kimberly, (2013) Pay-for-performance incentive in low and middle income country health programs, national bureau of economic research, NBER on the job(p) Paper Series, Cambridge, p. 4Johnson, O. A., (2011) Total Quality Management (TQM) Factors An Empirical national of Kwara State Government Hospitals, Ethno Med, 5(1) pp. 17-23Joiner, B., P. Scholtes, (1985) Tota l Quality Leadership vs. Management by Control, Joiner and AssociatesMoeller, B., J. OReilly, J. Elser, (2000) Quality management in German health care the EFQM excellence model, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 13 pp. 254-258.Morgan, P., (1994) Total quality management, in E. Monica (ed.) Management in Health Care, A Theoretical and Experiential Approach, Basingstoke Palgrave MacMillan.Ramanathan R., (2005) Operational assessment in hospitals in Sultanate of Oman. International Journal of Operations Production Management, l25 pp. 39-54.Ruiz U., J. Simon, (2004) Quality management in healthcare A 20-year journey, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 17 pp. 23-33.UCH, (2015) UCH vision and mission, Available at http//uch-ibadan.org.ng/ gist/vission-and-mission, (Accessed 06/04/2015)University College Hospital, Ibadan, (2015) Wikipedia, Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Hospital,_Ibadan, (Accessed 06/04/2015)

The Death With Dignity Act

The Death With Dignity ActAlthough the Death with Dignity Act empowers individuals to mastery the timing of their death, physician aid self-destruction still remains a controversial topic in todays society that raises galore(postnominal) good questions. These questions imply Who is the true owner of our lives? Should relieving suffering alship canal be the highest priority or does suffering occur for a reason? Is self-destruction a strictly individual choice (Mathes, 2004)?The answers to the above questions ar subjective, yet health criminal maintenance bleeders address with the difficult issues associated with end-of- look care on a daily basis. Since patients and families frequently bear nurses to provide instruction about support in dying, it is important for nurses to well understand the topic of physician help self-destruction regardless of whether it is licitly permitted within the State where they are working (Ersek, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to withdra w benefits and disadvantages of assisted self-annihilation and to discuss the ethical reasoning behind both(prenominal) of these opposing viewpoints.Throughout the literature, there are many transmission lines that support the proscription of physician assisted suicide. mavin of the most obvious arguments is that health care providers are supposed to save lives-not do them. (de Vocht Nyatanga, 2007). This principle of nonmaleficence can be traced back in time to Hippocrates, a Greek physician, who states this duty as I (healthcare provider) will use manipulation to help the sick fit in to my ability and judgment, further I will never use it to breach or wrong them (Beauchamp Childress, 2009, p. 149). In other words, this statement can be interpreted as do no harm. The American NursesAssociation supports the notion that active participation in assisted suicide goes against the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001). back up a client take their own life is not further in contrast with ethical traditions of nursing but it could besides reject clients from seeking out medical care due to fear (Ersek, 2004).In response, proponents for assisted suicide debate that it is well within the patients right to check whether he or she lives or dies. Emphasizing the importance of the principle of autonomy, they go through that quality of life is a very(prenominal) personal opinion. By preventing clients from fetching their life, they feel healthcare providers are cosmos paternalistic and imposing their views onto their patients. around also feel that it is pride, not altruism, which inhibits healthcare workers from supporting assisted suicide. They argue medical professionals do not like to admit that they cannot fix a situation, because it causes them to acknowledge their own limitations and evokes a feeling of failure. (de Vocht et al, 2007).Another reason many dislike physician assisted suicide is their belief that it might eventually lead to inv oluntary euthanasia. This wily slope conjecture is based on the idea that small steps will eventually lead to an fatal chain of events that cannot be stopped once started. This notion is supported by statistics gathered from the Netherlands that state roughly 1,000 patients die due to the result of an end-of-life last made without their explicit consent (Dieterle, 2007, p. 129). thitherfore advocates of this theory feel that the surmount way to prevent the establishment of involuntary euthanasia is by prohibit assisted suicide. In contrast, supporters of physician assisted suicide feel that the knavish slope argument is an exaggeration. Since the passage of the Death with Dignity Act in Oregon, involuntary euthanasia is far from being a reality of the precondition quo in the United States. This is a living example that demonstrates assisted suicide can be passed without spiraling out of control. Therefore support of the slippery slope argument is closed minded and shows littl e faith in human nature (Dieterle, 2007). However, the possibility that patients might be coerced into participating in assisted suicide against their will is very concerning to many people. Opponents to legalizing assisted suicide fear that patients could be persuaded by their family or insurance companies into requesting support in dying. A specific concern exists for vulnerable populations which include the elderly, poor, and minorities. These groups of people whitethorn be easily manipulated and lack the means to defend themselves. In summation, it is very possible that abuses of law could occur (Dieterle, 2007).The argument also exists that legalizing assisted suicide would make it easier to regulate these practices. One result of not legalizing assisted suicide could be that people might utilize the euthanasia underground as a source of relief. These people are very determined to die and may go to other countries or fall back on illegal methods to reach their goal. This not on ly makes it hard to control what is happening, but some people are also dying in ways that they do not prefer (de Vocht et al, 2007).Since assisted suicide is a labyrinthian issue, many feel that forming comprehensive legislation that is safe is an impossible task. The on-line(prenominal) Death with Dignity Act uses many terms which are subjective. For example, there is no definite way to determine the exact time and period when a person will die. Therefore the 6-month prognosis is not original even if it is agreed upon by two different physicians. In addition, mistakes in assisted suicide are permanent and cannot be corrected (Gannon Garland, 2008).Conversely, assisted suicide supporters argue physicians are already familiar with facilitating the death of their patients. Currently, In all 50 states in the US, patients throw away the right to refuse give-and-take and be allowed to die. Furthermore, all 50 states have procedures in place for allowing substituted judgments for the refusal of treatment (Dieterle, 2007, p. 132). Although end-of-life issues are complex, legal support for physicians comfortable with this process should continue.Another argument against assisted suicide is that it could encourage people to give up and take the easy way out. By allowing a person to take their life when they feel forecastless, it might give off the wrong impression to the universe that when life becomes hard it is acceptable to quit. (Dieterle, 2007). Instead of focusing on final result life, emphasis should be put on how to enhance palliative care.On the contrary, proponents for assisted suicide argue that the people who are requesting it are not hopeless and depressed. The clients who utilize the Death with Dignity Act in Oregon, Linda Ganzini states, are not so much depressed as determined (Schwartz Estrin, as cited in Dieterle, 2007, p. 134). Ironically, these people say that assisted suicide actually instills hope in people because they feel they have a way of imperative their life if it becomes too unbearable.ConclusionWhile there many arguments for and against assisted suicide, the answer to the question of whether it is right or wrong remains ambiguous. One reason for the lack of clear cut answers is that assisted suicide is an ethical issue which is dependent on a persons values, morals, religion, and experiences. In general, the topic of end-of-life finis making is very sensitive and evokes strong emotions and opinions. Instead of debating the issues involved with assisted suicide, this paper merely describes pertinent arguments that have been presented by both sides. There are many nursing implications that are associated with assisted suicide. Among these is the importance for nurses to be aware of their own beliefs about end-of-life care. Selfawareness will prepare nurses for obstacles they will vitrine when dealing with death. Another implication is that nurses need to be cognizant of authorities and legal authority. Becoming active in political processes, nurses can work to ensure that they will not be forced into doing procedures that come in direct conflict with their beliefs. Writing this paper has taught me that autonomy is a very controversial issue in the health profession. I have also learned that there is a fine line between being a patient advocate and acting paternalistically. There is also a very fine line between providing a patient with information and influencing their decision making process. I plan to use this knowledge in my practice by being aware of my own biases and respecting the beliefs of my patients. I have come to the conclusion that facing ethical issues is inevitable part of a nurses professional practice.

Stamp Duty: Policy Evaluation

cachet concern Policy EvaluationEXAMINING STAMP DUTY AN IDEAL presidential term REVENUE MACHINE AND A BURDEN TO BRITISH CITIZENS sealskin affair spate be a costly part of some(prenominal) routine of common movements in Britain from buying a home to invest in a U.K. comp whatso eer. In come in to truly sympathise the stagecoach to which this r sluiceue enhancement enhancement impacts a transactions bottom line, it is important to downstairsstand tout ensemble the scenarios in which cutter vocation is birthable as closely as determine what type of relief and dischargeions be open. Before find out if stereotype business is an sublime measure, it is also vital to gather secure opinions on the various types of ships boat concern, the reasons these taxes were created, and how recent changes ar affecting British citizens and businesses. While the political science may find seal employment a perfect fulfilment of taxation principles due to its simplicity and the considerable receipts gene estimated, mildew concern seems to be shoot downsome and impedes the financial success of some residents who dream of homeownership and to those com moveies who want to increase their market rate finished the monetary investment company exchange system.There argon three types of stamp traffic stamp job, stamp duty refine tax, and stamp duty unobtrusiveness tax. legal tender duty is a charge on instruments (Thomas 2003). stamp duty is a oecumenical term for a tax that is levied on the grease ones palms of shares and on property. While in that location is a suave rate for the purchase of shares, the rate for property has a range tied to different home purchase price thresholds.Considered a modern tax in its own proper(a) rather than an offshoot of stamp duty, the stamp duty estate of the realm tax went into effect on 1 December 2003 (Thomas 2003). This tax is charged to tout ensemble land transactions whether or non it is act u in all(a)y stamped, or recorded, in a document (Thomas 2003). Included in these transactions are all types of property, including ho routines, flats, separate buildings and land. What it really is considered is a land transaction unless it retains the extension to stamp duty to link its activities to the original taxation system (Thomas 2003). The tax must be paid by the person buying the land and it is calculated as a percentage of the total purchase price. No stamp duty land tax is paid on any transaction under 125,000. One per cent is paid on anything determine between 125,000 and 250,000. From 250,001 to 500,000, the tax is three per cent and anything valued at 500,001 is taxed at four per cent (DirectGov 2006).The stamp duty land tax has been founded on an entirely new set of concepts and is presently enforceable against the purchaser under a strict new self-assessment regime (Thomas 2003). While some of the comparable relief provisions ache been carried through with (predicate) and through from the stamp duty tax, otherwise changes hold up been made to discourage certain types of transactions. For display case, if the purchase price of a property is 150,000 and the government has designated that area as disadvantaged, no stamp duty land tax is necessitate (DirectGov 2006). re rollment provisions that are well-unplowed from stamp duty include all the major provisions nevertheless that group relief, reconstruction and acquisition reliefs, and charities relief are now intentional in a manner that prevents exploitation for tax planning purposes (Thomas 2003). Relief is now available for builders who make purchases in part-exchange as well as for transactions non made for chargeable consideration (Thomas 2003).The stamp land duty tax was designed to achieve a number of purposes. As with any tax, it was created as a way to deck out more revenue for the government. The tax does this by stopping the loopholes in the stamp duty that were empl oy for planning purposes (Thomas 2003) requiring the purchaser to file a tax return and pay the tax within thirty days of the close of the land transaction (Thomas 2003), and introducing a new upfront levy on the value of the letting stream over the full term of the lease preferably of on the average annual rent (Thomas 2003).The last of the three types of stamp duty is the stamp duty reserve tax. This tax is paid on any U.K share transactions when a person buys shares in a bon ton that is incorporated in the UK or in a foreign federation that maintains a share register in the UK (DirectGov 2006). These shares can be bought through a stockbroker and completed on paper forms or electronically through CREST, the electronic settlement and registration system (DirectGov 2006). The tax is a flat rate of 0.5 per cent based on what is paid for the shares, not what they are worth (DirectGov 2006). A higher rate of 1.5 per cent is paid when shares are transferred into a depository receip t scheme or a head service (DirectGov 2006). The fees are paid through the CREST system if a person rehearses a brokerage but are paid directly if this system is not used (DirectGov 2006).Even if a person does not pay cash but provides something else of value in exchange for the shares, the stamp duty reserve tax is based on the value of what the person gives for those shares (DirectGov 2006). Other situations that require payment of stamp duty reserve tax is when a person buys an option to buy shares, rights arising from shares and an interest in shares (DirectGov 2006).The plainly time the stamp duty reserve tax does not have to be paid is when shares are assumption to a person for aught or a person buys foreign shares.One area where stamp duty revenue tax has been causing some dilemmas is with unit trusts, unrestricted investment companies, and the structure of stakeholder pension products. The surmount example of this is with companies that provide CAT-marked investmentsS tamp duty reserve tax arises when investors buy or sell units in the fund, and is generally paid for by the fund. It cannot be forecast accurately in advance, for the ultimate liability provide depend on itemors beyond the fund managers control. Yet this tax must be included in work out whether charges to investors meet the CAT standard of 1 per cent a year, contempt the fact that it is not a charge made by the ISA provider, but a government tax. This has led providers to question the commercial liability implied by offering a CAT-market product (Warland 2000).The net result of the stamp duty reserve tax is that it is complex to divvy up, really difficult for fund investors to understand, and did raise significant revenue (Warland 2000). It has been argued by the figures within the City of London, including the London broth Exchange, that stamp duty reserve tax should be scrapped because it undermines the competitiveness compared with other financial centres and distorts secu rities trading (Wighton 2006). The National Association of Pension Funds says that stamp duty increases transaction costs, which are then passed onto employers (Brown-Humes 2006). Stamp duty reserve tax is also considered controversial because it accounts for a greater proportion of general share transaction costsbecause broker commissions and other costs have fallen (Brown-Humes 2006).In feel at the complete stamp duty tax scheme, the changes in the finance Act of 2003 were intended to bring recover that was considered long overdue as well as infuse the government with much-needed revenue. Prior to that, legislation had been considered outdated and inadequate especially considering the real value that revenue from such a tax could yield (Thomas 2006). Prior to the Finance Act of 2003, the HM Revenue Customs (HMRC)did not have the indicant to enforce the stamp duty on any transaction that was not properly stamped (Thomas 2006). To the HMRC, clamping down on perceived avoidance was the dominant cause for change (Thomas 2006). To them, it was unfair for well-advised taxpayers to avoid paying tax through good planning, as this puts an unfair share of the tax burden onto everyone else (Thomas 2006). From this doctrine was born the some recent stamp duty requirements. In looking at the principles of taxation, stamp duty is ideal in that it is easy to administer and collect (Brown-Humes 2006). To everyone else outside of the government, the tax is considered less than ideal.As one of the n earlyish hotly debated government schemes and deemed a tax on the masses (Barrow 2006), it has been hold by the chancellor that stamp duty land tax does place a burden on the average British citizen. According to figures released in May 2006, stamp duty is raking in revenues of 1 billion per month (Barrow 2006) between residential and commercial transactions as well as share investment. These figures far surpass any tax amount ever demanded from citizens in Britains his tory (Barrow 2006). . In fact, one writer went as far as to say that the stamp duty has been one of the most lucrative stealth taxes developed by New Labour (OKelly 2006). As one economist noted, We have now got to the level where it is hitting mainstream home-owners. Its only going to get worse (Barrow 2006). According to Halifax, Britains biggest owe lender, 2.6 million homeowners had to pay stamp duty land tax (Barrow 2006). That equates to quintuplet out of six homeowners feeling this burden (Barrow 2006). Another way to cut and dice the figure comes from the Council of Mortgage Lenders. They found that 55 per cent of first-time buyers and 86 per cent of home-movers paid the tax in September.The government has retorted that there are a number of relief provisions in place. It was recently announce that new no pre-existing dwellings that are considered zero-carbon homes sill be completely exempt from stamp duty (Goff and Harvey 2006). While attractive to new homeowners, thi s is not very realistic as many first-time buyers are not prepared to wait in such a revolutionary dwelling or they comprise in an area where there is not enough renewable power to power these homes (Goff and Harvey 2006).Another move intended to decrease the burden was the proclamation last year to increase the threshold at which stamp duty is triggered (Batchelor 2006). As one finance expert noted, If stamp duty had kept pace with rising house prices since 1993 the threshold would have been set at 190,000 instead of 125,000 (Batchelor 2006). It seems as if the rising house prices are making the new threshold rate seem ineffective as a relief. As Matthew Wyles of the Portman Building Society said, Stamp duty continues to be a profoundly unfair tax to all who pay it. The burden of this tax will continue to increase unless the government undertakes a radical alteration to its insurance in this area and abandons its current strategy of making the occasional enhancive tweak to th e threshold to keep criticism at bay (Houlder 2006).The chancellor decided to end seeding relief, which was intended to help on transfers of property into a unit trust with immediate effect (Batchelor 2006). Revenue from taking away(p) this relief is expected to raise 50 million annually (Batchelor 2006). youthful changes also problematic not making partnerships that are involved in a trade or profession responsible for stamp duty for land transactions owned by that partnership (Batchelor 2006). It seems as though the government could still use this lucrative tax to levy sellers instead of buyers since it is usually the sellers who are involved in investment schemes. It might even make sense to still gain this revenue from non-residents who tend to chew over in the property market, making home ownership less executable for the first-time resident buyer (OKelly 2006).While it may seem want an ideal tax in the minds of the government and a solution to stopping investors from exp loiting the system, it for sure does nothing to help citizens who are already struggling to buy a home let alone pay the stamp duty required on the transaction. Recent announcements to raise interest rates alongside the vehement housing price inflation only exacerbate a house servant problem that has been brewing for as long as the stamp duty policies have existed. Homeownership and investment should not create a financial burden for citizens in Britain because the government wants to resort to an overuse of its taxation powers. The concern, however, is that if stamp duty was ever scrapped and the government continued to overspend, whatever tax scheme replaced stamp duty might be a jump from the frying pan into the fire.REFERENCESBarrow, Becky 23 May 2006, Stamp Duty Rakes in 1bn a Month, periodical Mail.Batchelor, Charles 23 March 2006, Stamp Duty, Financial Times.Brown-Humes, Christopher 21 October 2006, Stamp Dutys Hidden Benefit Its the Devil-you-know Tax, Financial Times.DIR ECTGOV 2006, Tax on Buying Shares, Available at http//www.direct.gov.uk/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/Taxes/TaxOnSavingsAndInvestments/TaxOnSavingsAndInvestmentsArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10013514chk=Tac6CP.Goff, Sharlene and Harvey, Fiona 9 December 2006, granting immunity from Stamp Duty Seen as Token Gesture, Financial Times.Houlder, Vanessa 7 September 2006, Amount Paid in Stamp Duty Up 30%, Financial Times.OKelly, Sebastian 12 March 2006, How Brown is remedy Coining It with His Unfair Stamp Duty the Chancellor is Milking Homebuyers. But Shouldnt His larceny Tax Target Sellers Instead? The Mail on Sunday, p. 13.Thomas, Michael 2003, Introduction to Stamp Duty Land Tax, Cambridge University Press.Thomas, Michael March 2006, Stamp Duty Land Tax, second Edition, London Cambridge University Press.Warland, Phillip 17 February 2000, How Stamp Duty Reserve Tax Threatens cheap Savings, Financial Times.Wighton, David 27 July 2006, Balls Faces Calls to Scrap Stamp Duty, Financial Times.clinical psychology History, Influences and Applicationsclinical psychology History, Influences and ApplicationsMyrto GiannakopoulouEach student is expected to select data and produce an information pack targeted at a field/ charge of his/her interest in Psychology (e.g. clinical Psychology, Educational Psychology, Cognitive Psychology for example, you can select information via observing or/and interviewing a maestro preferable or secondary reading). The above package will be go with by an academic, reflective essay supporting the choice above (e.g. relieve your interest on this scientific area of Psychology, describe the basic issues of the professed(prenominal)s interest in this field, refer to the basic taught psychological scathe and concepts that you noticed to this scientific area, etc.).Nowadays, applied psychology has four main sub-categories which are clinical, educational, occupational/industrial and criminological/legal. Clinical psychology refers to treating emotional a nd behavioural disorders. Educational psychologists work with children and adolescents and their families and they give more importance in the capability of teaching and learning methods. Occupational psychology is applied into workplaces in order to improve the productivity of the employees and to increase the levels of job satisfaction. Criminological psychology is involved in the criminal and legal system and facilities such as prisons and courts or the police force. It has two branches, forensic and investigative psychology.In this project we are going to analyze the field of Clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology is a part of applied Psychology and it focuses on the treatment and understanding of behavioral and psychological problems. Clinical psychology is often confused with psychiatry because clinical psychologists also work with people with amiable disorders and they use the same methods of therapies. Their deflection is that psychiatrists can give medicine, thus clin ical psychologists are forbidden to do so.Clinical psychology was developed in 1896, when Lightner Witmer, who is regarded as the father of Clinical psychology, established the first psychological clinic in the University of Pennsylvania. The clients of Witmers clinic were children with learning difficulties and with behavioural disorders. Next, in 1904 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale which is a test that can identify children with mental constipation and children with normal mentality and it influenced the development of clinical psychology in USA. Witmer denied the helpfulness of this scale and this is why he disappeared from the scene of clinical psychology. Later, in the early 20s, the psychiatrist William Healy established the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, the worlds first child pleader clinic. Additionally, Healy in his clinic used the Binet-Simon scale for the children and adapted Freuds theory for the unconventional behaviour.Clinical psy chology has been influenced from human physiology. For example, the term psychopathology includes the words pathology (disease) and psyche, which means that mental disorders have a biological basis. In other words, a mental disorder is considered as a dysfunction in the physiology of a person that appears in his behaviour. According to the medicine, the causes of a mental disorder are illogical in three general categories the infectious diseases (e.g. encephalitis which is an inflammation of the judgment and its symptoms are familiar with those of dementia, such as memory loss), diseases that are relate with the dysfunction of a human organ (e.g. diabetes) and traumatic diseases that arise from outer or environmental causes (e.g. a hit in the head can cause cerebral hemorrhage and can also provoke problems in behavior such as coma, memory loss, and in the flesh(predicate)ity disorder).Clinical psychologists do more than talk to people who are distressed about personal matter. They often do different types of activities from teaching to psychotherapy to laboratory look for and this is why they need to have a special training architectural plan in clinical psychology. After obtaining their degree, they can apply for a operate course in clinical psychology, which usually lasts three years and at the same time do their apprenticeship, in order to gain puzzle in their field.Furthermore, look is the basis of all clinical psychology activities. interrogation programs, help to understand which approach could be more effective for a clinical problem such as depression, anxiety, eating, or panic disorders, personality disorders, phobias, etc. They can also focus on various populations like families, couples, ethnic minority groups such as gay, lesbians, etc. Although not all of the clinical psychologists are involved with research, they should be informed about other researches, in order to improve their own clinical work. Most of them use various tests or questionnaires to help them to their work or to their research. These tests have many measures, such as cognitive, behavioral, neuropsychological etc.On the other hand, in research there are certain problems. The most important is the fact that the researchers and the participants are human and the results are not solid, because the participants behave in a different way than their ordinary life, for example they are too justificatory because they try to hide their thoughts from the researchers or they behave too normal, because they know how the investigate works. This happens because the participants are part of the society and n this way they try to be socially accepted and it is know as the Hawthorn effect. Despite all that, psychologists try to use multiple ways of reducing such effects, for example by using double-blind questionnaires.Another important practice that is used in the fields of Psychology is the Evidence-based practice (EBP). It is a process that involves the co nscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the trade of individual(a) patients (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes, Richardson, 1996). Specifically, this practice gives to therapists a general guidance for addressing any given disorder in the best possible manner, based on research that they can use, but even if they dont follow it to the garner is not wrong as long as they act in accordance to their professional experience. Although, it must be pointed out that these guidelines are general and do not take into account each persons individuality and uniqueness. Another approach to EBP is the Ideograpdic one that takes into account each individual person and its singularity and is used by most health professions. Furthermore, there are three circles of Evidence Based Clinical practice, also known as the three -legged stool. The first circle represents the best available research proof, the second circle represents clinical expertness an d finally the ordinal circle includes the patient values, the preferences, the characteristics and the circumstances. Those three have to be combine in order to achieve the best clinical practice.Overall, Clinical Psychology is a complex field that parallels the complexity of human behavior and emotion and it combines and associate human behaviour to stimulus created by people external environment such as everyday human relationships and interactions, health etc, and it explains the way it affects us.Referencesbow-wow M. (2003). Introductory Psychology History, Themes and Perpectives, CrucialKendall D., C., Norton Ford J., D. (1982). Clinical Psychology scientific and professional dimensions. New York J. Wiley.Plante T., G., (2005). Contemporary Clinical Psychology, New Jersey J. Wiley Sons, Inc.Sackett, D. L., Wennberg, J. E. (1997). Choosing the best research design for each question. British Medical Journal, 315, 1636.Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol (2007). Evidence- Based praxis in Clinical Psychology What It Is, Why It Matters What You Need to Know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 611-631