Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work

Cultural Differences in Shakespe atomic f ar 18s WorkShakespeare in Perfor whilece This essay will explore the cultural difference of two Shakespeare, Othello perfor servicemances. The two performances used are Stuart Burges 1965 adaptation and Oliver Parkers 1995 version.William Shakespeare was born in 1564 the son of John Shakespeare a g savour mendr, and Mary Arden the daughter of a farmer. Within the Elizabethan class system Shakespeare wouldnt have be destined for great things as he wasnt born into a signifi bungholetly wealthy family. It is possible that Shakespeare was brought up as Catholic Romeo and Juliet is a Catholic mash. Shakespeare attended grammar school In Stratford his education would have been very intense in wording, Latin, Greek and by chance modern nomenclature like French, his schooling would have also been heavily religious. Shakespeare would have been expected to leave school and go into law grammar schools trained for professionals. Shakespeare didnt continue his education at university and age 18 conjoin Anne Hathaway and lived a quiet life having his first child, Susanna in 1583 then twins Judith and Hamnet in 1585. Historical accounts of Shakespeare in the first seven days of his childrens lives are classed as lost years, ascribable to there macrocosm no reliable accounts in this design. It wasnt until the late 1590s that Shakespeare was writing picnics although in them dates writers would write on a lower floor a insincere name so critics couldnt dismiss their work. By around 1591, 1592 Shakespeare had written 57 plays in the space 20 years this is a colossal amount especially as a play writer in the Elizabethan period. Shakespeare died on the 23rd April 1616 the like day as his birthday.The importance of SettingThe plot Othello is interpreted from an Italian story Un Captitano Moro some critics believe, written in 1565 by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio, the story nearly a Moresque general deceived into believi ng his married woman is being unfaithful. Shakespeare added important characters to the story Iago, Roderigo, Desdemonas pay back and Brabantio, Shakespeare implies the action of the play runs foreverywhere some course of metre although it could be perceived as being toughened all over a period of a few geezerhood. Shakespeare also developed the complex villain Iago compared to the minor genius in the archetype.Shakespeares audience would have believed in The Great Chain of Being, that determined the natural order of events. God being the top of the hierarchical chain, Shakespeare used the Great Chain of Being as a concept to idiom the tragedy in Othello and struggle with recognise and Desdemona and Iagos jealous lovingness.Othello, the Moor of Venice scholars believe was written in the period of 1601-1604, Queen Elizabeth had died in 1603, people worried what would become of governess since Elizabeths death a lot of the fear is portrayed finished Shakespeares plays o f successful succession and governance. The Protestant Church of England was created by Henry, Elizabeths father there was concerns that the religion superpower fail after Elizabeths death in a Catholic came to power, and a foreigner to rule.Although the title implies Othello occurred in Venice it took place in Cyprus, having said that Shakespeares stage directions are very basic and minimal so conductors that produce Shakespeares pieces can decide where the plot is set. In the period when Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice was a commonwealth that thrived on multiculturalism, it was major for transnational trade, Venice had colonial power also respectful of different cultures and religions. Venice was a charming, safe, peaceful location.Cyprus when Shakespeare was in school was under power by the Ottoman Turks, Cyprus was the home of wine and prostitutes full of deception and death. Geographically located betwixt the Middle East, Europe, Mediterranean and Northern Africa the reli gion is Christian and Muslim, a prime place for religious and racial violence.Although critics believe Othello was adapted by Hecatommithi, the time period that Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice would have been a highly important avocation link between the East and Europe. Venice would have been sending ambassadors from Venice and the East to Elizabethan England Shakespeare may have examine theses exotic strangers. Venice and Turkey during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would have been at wars thus Othello being the general of the Venetian war. Shakespeare cageyly adapted a plot contact the issues of the day and explored a twist on race, jealousy and deceit.During the Elizabethan period, black people were non regarded as slaves, in 1601 Queen Elizabeth granted the diplomatic rights which allowed deportation, due to fears of overpopulation. Although the salve trade was not established during this time, the black race was considered inferior. Othello is a revolutionary cult ural work, as the Moor Othello is portrayed as a civilized noble Christian who was wrongly deceived forced audiences to conceive the racial status during the early 1sixth century. Moor was a term used by the Elizabethans referring to Muslim Arabs or North Africa who had conquered Spain in the eighth century. Moors were Elizabethans believed, sinful, animalistic and murderous. It is interesting that Shakespeare represents Othello as the wrongly deceived victim, and Iago the Caucasian the characteristic More stereotype.OthelloThe tragedy of Othello, the Moor Whom Is general of Venice, promotes his lieutenant Cassio, leaving Iago enraged with jealousy. Othello fell in love and married Desdemona daughter of Brabantio, the Venetian senator. Iago uses Desdemona and Othellos love as a tactic in his revenge. Iago manipulates Othello into thinking his wife is having an affair with Cassio, Othello outraged carry offs Desdemona before killing himself the story concludes with Iagos unmasking and execution.Stuart Burges 1965 Othello Laurence OlivierThe first English phrase strike of the play Othello was released in December 1965 by director Burge, Burge was born in Brentwood Essex in January 1918 and died in 2002. Burge was the director of the Nottingham Playhouse between 1968-74 then went onto be artistic director at the Royal Court dramatic art in over the period of 1977-80. This is the only Shakespeare adaptation that all leading actors were nominated for Oscars. The motion-picture show was intimately exactly the same as stage production the release did not hold in use of medication of exit music. Burges version of was the first English Othello shot in colour it had precedingly been done in Russian. This was the first of Shakespeares fender text created into a full length British feature. Lawrence Olivier played Othello and acted in blackface, critics over the years have argued the origins of Othello being black or Arab. Othello has been played by albumen a nd to a greater extent of late black actors, Laurence Oliviers version was performed in blackface. Olivier went into detail of his black face performance in his autobiography sorry all over my body, Max Factor 2880, then a lighter brown, then Negro number 2, a stronger brown. Brown on black to give a rich mahogany. Then the great finesse that glorious half yard of chiffon with which I polished myself all over until I shone the lips blueberry, the tight kink wig, the white of the eyes, whiter than ever, and the black, black sheen that covered my flesh and bones, glistening in the dressing room lights. (L. Olivier 1965)In Oliviers autobiography Olivier, Laurence. Confessions of an Actor, Olivier proclaims in his and the directors read/write heads the blackface wasnt done in a minstrelsy way it was done as costume to make him up as African with innocent intentions of playing Othello.The text Othello is not completely clear on Othellos race, subsequently because Shakespeare would n ot have been completed educated about the people that lived in North Africa. In 1966 the civil rights movement was at its highest in the States racist discrimination and stereotypes were challenged the aesthetic of the Oliviers blackface was out of date stamp and political incorrect. Although in Europe, the civil rights movement wasnt as big as America with the last white actor blackface Othello taking place in 1990 by Michael Gambon. The New York Times published an article about Oliviers performance that statedOutrageous impression of a theatrical Negro stereotype, Olivier an end man in an American minstrel show. (the New York times, Bosley Crowther)Burges adaptation of Othello definitely brings the issue of race to the forefront, most of the racial language is present as in the 1604 veritable text thicklips, being the first derogatory offensive language aimed at OthelloAct one, Scene one. Venice. A street.Roderigo What a full fortune does the thicklips owe if he can carryt thusR eferences made by Othello regarding his race are interpreted as intended by Shakespeare, delivered with interrogationAct three, Scene three. The garden of the castleOthello Haply, for I am black. Intending that because he is black, he is not as sophisticated as other people. Burge directed Olivier as a stereotypical African, exaggerated gesture and accent with his costumes ethnic and predominantly barefoot, with a rosary necklace.Burges performance has been regarded by critics as the greatest performance of the twentieth century. (Peter Rainer) and was nominated for four Oscars, winning one.Olivier is the first of the great twentieth-century British actors who has created a brilliantly original definition of Othello (Oliviers) Othello is a man of gigantic stature precisely he is not a man of titanic thought and by no spuriouss is he umo univerale, a man of many sided character, typical of the Renaissance. This Othello came into the humanness from a less civilised society. He Is very close to nature, to the earth. He has had no time to steep the culture of the new world surrounding him. With all its glitter, this world is in fact trivial and mean Othellos simple soul makes him vulnerable to the pretty contrivances of the environment. A civilization that is false and untrue kills the simple-minded man this is what Olivier the actor shows us. (in Tynan, Othello. case Theatre Production, 108).Every modern, white actor, takin on Othello, feels obliged to explain wherefore hes not playing him black, which was surely Shakespeares intention, when the unspoken reason is that to black up is as disgusting these days as a nigger minstrel show. (Laurence Olivier, 1986)Each generation can use pieces of Shakespeares texts his writings are timeless, an Author who makes plays relatable to different generations thus why Othello has been adapted countless times since 1601, in some adaptations of Othello the play is portrayed mostly on the jealous and devious theme. Burge s approach to play directions however have been deemed as a play about race.A film version of the 1965 production released on DVD by Warner main office Video in 2007. Oliviers blackface performance makes this film adaptation a difficult object of study, but since it makes Othello a play about race in a way so disturbing for postmodern sensibilities, it is a valuable tool for exploring racial difference as a theme. And especially for considering the plays particular ring with contemporary racial politics. (R, C. EvansIn an article by the New York Times published February, 1966 reporter Bosley Crowther describes how America portrayed Oliviers performanceSeeing as how the drama critics in England were unstinting in their praise of the succulent stage production of Othello in which Sir Laurence Olivier played with the National Theatre of Great Britain a couple of years ago, it may seem rude of an American film critic to voice some startled expectations to the effort picture made of the play by a British company. One bold and singular face of this production immediately impels the sensitive American viewer into a baffled and discomfited attitude. This is the radical make up Sir Laurence has chosen to use in his powerful and cacoethesate characterization of the jealous Moor. He plays Othello in blackface Thats right, blackface not the dark-brown stain that even the most daring white actors do not immediately wish to go beyond. Whats more, he caps his shiny blackface with a wig of kinky black hair and he has the insides of his lips smeared and thickened with a startling raspberry red. Several times, in his rages or reflections, he rolls his eyes up into his head so that the whites gleam like small mil agates out of the inky face. (B. Crowther 1966)Burges adaptation of Othello is all the way one that caused a stir, with the controversial blackface. The period in which Burge adapted the version the culture was changing surrounding racism, racist terms and what is politically correct.Professor Tony Howard University of Warwick believes for Olivier race wasnt an issue, race was an interesting factor in the play and he chose to make it paramount. The result of that was that I know some black actors that saw the play and were sicken by his imitation of stereotypical behaviour, and I know other black actors who saw the play and were divine to become Shakespearian actors because of the sheer admiration for what he did. (T. Howard 2013).Oliver Parkers 1995 Othello, Laurence FishburneOliver Parker an English film director born 6th September 1960, directed Othello played by a black actor Laurence Fishburne classed as not an noncitizen in this version as the actor is of African descent. Having said that the racial tensions and most of the racial language still applies in the film. Fishburne, plays a more confidant, cocky Othello in this version he also wears the same costumes as most of the cast, with earings in his ears he blends in well with t he rest of the cast unlike in Oliviers version. The choice of music and camera shots sets the racial tension in a different way than previous adaptations with the use of drums during the consummation of Othello and Desdemona also during the Cyprus celebration. The film doesnt generally focus on Othellos race but more so on the tragedy of the story and Iagos jealousy.Parkers adaptation is more satisfying as a film rather than Shakespearian text, the original text is very heavily cut with many original rhythms not included.The plot and characters remains the same as the original text and Burges, parker sets the film within the same time period and location as the two explored. Parkers version is however modernised and update some areas of the film, parker has changed the reading material of Iagos character slightly also cutting much of the original text. Parkers use of Othellos dreams allow the audience glide path into Othellos agony over his suspected wifes adultery, this opened t he door to the audience in a new light, something that the original monologue and Burge was unable to achieve.The issue of Race in Parkers version is watered down and limelights the character of Iago and his abhorrence plan. Iagos direct camera soliloquies, via direct camera shots portrays his devious intentions, Iagos true nature is heightened in Parkers adaptation through and through this technique compare to Burge and the original text.In Act one, Scene three Iago shouts to Roderigo to put money and love into his purse Iago is trying to deceive Roderigo into giving him money so Iago will make Desdemona fall in love with Roderigo. When Iago leaves this scene, the camera zooms in on Iagos face to music building up that creates tension, Iago then recites this original quote from the textAct one, scene threeIagoThus, do I ever make my marking my purseFor I mine own gaind knowledge should profane,If I would time expend with such a snipe.But for my sport and profit. I hate the MoorAn d it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheetsHe has done my office I know not ift be trueBut, I for more suspicious in that kind,Will do as if for surety. He holds me wellThe better shall my purpose work on him.Cassios a proper man let me see nowTo get his place and to plume up my willIn bifurcate knavery-how, how? Lets see After some time, to abuse Othellos earThat he is too familiar with his wife.He hath a person and a smooth disposeTo be suspected, framed to make women false.The moor is of a let loose and open nature,That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,And will as tenderly be led by the noseAs asses are.I havet. it is endgenderd. hell, and nightMust brin this monstrous birth to the worlds light.During the patois by Roderigo, Parkers gives the audience a subsequent plot for throughout the play as to why Iago wants to kill Othello. Parker directs Iago to look straight into the camera whilst declaring his hatred for Othello this breaks the forth wall including the audien ce on the whole experience. Iago speaks in a hushed monotone to music playing in the background thus adding theatrical drama, the camera then pans down to a chessboard. Iago places a white queen, black king and a white gymnastic horse on the board parker does this to replicate Desdemona, Othello and Cassio. The colour of the chess pieces also play a very clever crucial part in the film highlighting the racial but also the use of a chess board highlights the manipulation and game playing from Iago.Parker directs Fishburne to play overtly sexual compared with the Burge version and original text. Parkers directions continues shows Desdemona and Othello in bed together in a number of scenes to modernize the version to appeal to a different audience. Parker has Othellos dreams filled with adultery presented with Desdemona in bed naked with Cassio, in the Burge version the characters are a lot more innocent.Othellos visual image of Desdemona and Cassio, allows for his fear to come alive with the help of Iagos manipulation Othello remembers what Desdemonas father said to himAct one, Scene 3 A Council-Chamber.BrabantioLook to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to seeShe has deceived her father, and may thee.This line is continuously played in Othellos head throughout the film, giving Othello confirmation that the affair to very as Desdemona is deceiving him just as she did her father.Once you get to Act three, Scene three, its like being caught up in a huge surf. You are pounded by experiences and overwhelming feelings that oscillate violently. Sometimes within one sentence I go from passion and adoration to the most extreme expressions of loathing and self-hatred Ive ever had to try to get close to. (Laurence Fishburne, 1996)There are a few predominant themes that flow through both versions of Othello and the original textLove, passion, jealousy, betrayal along with reputation and honour.love being the force that outstrip a large obstacle in the marriage of Othello and Desdemona, although Othello loves Desdemona he gives her his heart he doesnt give her his mind and he doesnt trust her, he is deep down insecure. Their love was tragically lost by the passion of Iago and his jealousy love to Iago is leverage, he declared his love to his friends but does the ultimate betrayal. The love between Cassio and Desdemona that is misinterpreted. madness comes from Othello and Desdemona two lovers that political looked down on for the marriage but still going ahead with their passion anyway. Jealousy is a trait that is both in Othello and strongly Iago.Multiculturalism, Religious Suspicion and Racism.The Venetian Republic was known as a culturally tolerant society, that welcomes cultural traditions, however Othello and the merchant of Venice being set in Venice, portrays jealousy, race and xenophobia. Shakespeares Othello predates the slave trade and biological classification. Othello being a Moor in Shakespeares time could relate to someone from the Middle East or Spain not necessarily Africa.Reference ListOthello. (1965) film. order by Stuart Barge. GB British Home Entertainment. filmOthello. (1995) Directed by Olive Parker. GB Warner Home video. DVDColin, Phillip C. and Kuhn, Francis X. (2002) Othello New Critical Essays Brockport Bookshelf. Book 218.Othello A Critical Reader Robert. C. Evans Bloomsbury Publishing (2015)(T. Howard 2013) Othello at the National Theatre www.nationaltheatre.org